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Captain L.C. Giovanni Nebbia

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Captain L.C. Giovanni Nebbia

Over the past several months, I have exchanged a number of e-mails with Annelisa Nebbia, whose father, Captain L.C. Giovanni Nebbia, was involved in the Adriatic coast rescue of Allied POWs during the war.

Annelisa explained, “My father was a sea-captain and his missions were mainly sea missions. His movements as a “helper” took place in the province of Ascoli Piceno and in Southern Italy, precisely in the area including the towns of Termoli, Manfredonia, and Vieste situated along that coast.

“According to his personal diary, I know that he came into contact with the Eighth Army stationed in Italy. In particular, on 5th October 1943 under the command of an American officer of the A.M.G.O.T. [Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories] he brought food and supplies to the Tremiti Islands off the south-east coast of Italy during an operation that’s aim was to save the fishing-fleet of my town, which would certainly be seized by the Germans who were due to arrive the next morning at 7 a.m.

“He pretended to sail towards Yugoslavia but in the middle of the Adriatic Sea he changed his track heading for Manfredonia, already freed by the Allies. When he arrived there, Radio Bari broadcast the successful event. The operation is mentioned in Italian history books as Operazione Nebbia.

“Meanwhile, in the nearby town of Termoli, American Army Captain Lewis, knowing that my father was an expert on the Adriatic Coast, sent for him and entrusted him with rescue missions. [Captain R. B. Lewis, U.S. Army Air Force, was an officer involved in the I.S.9 rescue effort.]

“His task was to sail up to the central coast and rescue POWs on night rendezvouses in an area occupied by the Germans. For one of those missions, on 31st December 1943, he used a motor fishing vessel called Saturnia requisitioned from a family of my town for war purposes. As far as I know also a Greek Army Captain and four English sailors were taken abroad.”

Rescue activities of the Saturnia is mentioned in “I.S.9 History—Operations in Italy, Part 2” on this site.

Historic Plaque at the Harbor of San Benedetto del Tronto

A plaque in the harbor of San Benedetto del Tronto describes Operation Nebbia.

Giovanni Nebbia was a member of the 23rd and 24th armed partisan groups. On the day before Germans were to arrive at San Benedetto del Tronto, Captain Nebbia oversaw the transport of 20 motorized fishing trawlers from the harbor to Allied Headquarters in Termoli. If he had not taken this immediate action, the boats would have been confiscated by the Germans.

Annelisa said, “Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa had given my father a written order for this mission after a meeting in the Marine School (called Scuola di Avviamento Marinaro) that my father had founded with some friends and where he worked as a Biology teacher and school Secretary. He offered the school premises for secret meetings. The people participating in the meeting when they decided to “empty” the harbour were: Dalla Chiesa, Italo Postiglione, Dr. Salvi, Professor Augusto Capriotti (later University Professor in Sardinia), and second lieutenant Colagiacomi.”

Here is the text of the plaque in Italian, followed by an English translation:

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LA NOTTE TRA 4 ED IL 5 OTTOBRE 1943, LA FLOTTIGLIA MOTOPESCHERECCIA LOCALE PRESE IL LARGO, DA QUESTO MOLO, PER EVITARE LA CATTURA DA PARTE DEI TEDESCHI. AL COMANDO DEL CAPITANO L. C. GIOVANNI NEBBIA, NONOSTANTE I RISCHI DELLA GUERRA, LE UNITÀ RAGGIUNSERO I PORTI LIBERATI DAGLI ANGLO AMERICANI. IL GIORNO SUCCESSIVO, RADIO “ITALIA LIBERA” TRASMISE DA BARI IL SEGUENTE MESSAGGIO: “OPERAZIONE NEBBIA GIUNTA A BUON FINE”.

LA CITTÀ E L’A.N.P.I. A RICORDO POSERO IL 05-10-2002

In translation, the plaque reads:

“ON THE NIGHT BETWEEN THE 4TH AND 5TH OF OCTOBER 1943, A LOCAL FLEET OF FISHING BOATS WAS TAKEN FROM THIS WHARF TO PREVENT CAPTURE BY THE GERMANS. UNDER THE COMMAND OF CAPTAIN L. C. GIOVANNI NEBBIA, DESPITE WARTIME DANGER, THE GROUP REACHED PORTS LIBERATED BY THE ALLIES. THE NEXT DAY, RADIO ‘FREE ITALY’ TRANSMITTED FROM BARI THE FOLLOWING MESSAGE: ‘OPERATION NEBBIA HAS REACHED A SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION’.

“THIS MARKER WAS INSTALLED BY THE CITY AND THE A.N.P.I. [Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia, or the national association of the Italian Partisans] ON OCTOBER 5, 2002″

I asked Annelisa to explain the L.C. that precedes her father’s name on the plaque.

“Capitano di L.C. (Lungo Corso),” she said, “is a more important title than simply ‘Sea Captain,’ the difference being that a ‘Capitano di Lungo Corso’ sails for very long distances and goes back home only once or twice a year.”

Acknowledgements of Valorous Service

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In 1960, Annelisa’s mother sent a note to Major Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, then serving with the Carabinieri in Milan. As a lieutenant during the war, Major Della Chiesa had had close contact with the family.

Maria Nebbia knew that many men who had done little during the war had asked for and obtained the title of “Partisan” for services they couldn’t have done—in some cases because they were only 10 or 11. The title was a key to many jobs and privileges, and these people were able to secure good positions only through recommendations.

She therefore asked Major Dalla Chiesa to attest to what her husband had done during the war, risking his own life for the cause.

In August, the major responded:

Milano, 12 agosto 1960

LEGIONE TERRITORIALE CARABINIERI
MILANO
L’aiutante maggiore in 1°

Gent.ma Sig.ra Nebbia,

ho ricevuto la Sua e sono stato lietissimo di sapere che Lei e l’ottimo Suo marito si ricordano ancora di me.

Così come sono molto lieto che le circostanze mi diano la possibilità di ricambiare la lealtà, la devozione, la collaborazione allora offertami dal bravo ed indimenticabile Nebbia.

Non appena sarò interpellato, non dubiti, dirò la verità ed una verità onesta.

Mi saluti tanto caramente Suo marito e Lei si abbia molte vive cordialità.

– Magg. C. Dalla Chiesa

N.D.
Sig.ra Maria Bernardi in Nebbia
– Via Piemonte n. 55 –
S. BENEDETTO DEL TRONTO

In translation:

Milan, August 12, 1960

LEGION REGIONAL CARABINIERI
MILAN, August 12, 1960
The adjutant in 1st (?)

Dear Signora Nebbia,

I received your letter and I was delighted to know that you and your good husband still think of me.

Also, I am very pleased that circumstances give me the opportunity to reciprocate the loyalty, devotion, and comradeship that had been shown to me by the good and unforgettable Nebbia.

As soon as I am asked, I will tell the truth, very honestly.

My most cordial greetings to your fine husband, and may your lives be happy.

– Maj. C. Dalla Chiesa

N.D. [This salutation refers to Nobildonna, or noblewoman, as Maria Bernardi Nebbia was from a noble family of Ancona.]
Mrs. Maria Bernardi Nebbia
Via Piemonte. 55
San Benedetto del Tronto

Here is Major Dalla Chiesa’s full acknowledgement of Captain Nebbia’s service:

I the undersigned, Captain of Carabinieri Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, declare as follows:

After 8th September 1943 Ensign Giovanni NEBBIA, from San Benedetto del Tronto, took an active part in the organization of bands of patriots which were being formed in order to resist the Nazi-Fascists and for the protection of property and people.

Several times he came to my office at the police station of San Benedetto del Tronto to agree upon the best course of action to be taken in those situations, and one day he pointed out that he had a band made up of 30 young men sufficiently armed at his command. I took note of this communication and gave him the task to act, should the case occur, in the area between the upper old town of San Benedetto and the countryside towards Acquaviva Picena.

The weapons were kept hidden in certain caves along the road leading to the latter location. I learned that one night Giovanni Nebbia together with Customs Lieutenant Gian Maria Paolini took away some weapons and a machine gun from some fishing boats anchored in the harbor of San Benedetto and that they were temporarily deposited at the Customs local barracks.

On the evening of 3rd October, candidate ensign Giovanni Nebbia, Augusto Capriotti, lieutenant Colagiacomi, and I departed from San Benedetto on our bicycles to gather at Captain Salvi’s in Grottammare.

There we found Major Postiglione, who gave each of us a task, after having done an inventory of the weapons and force of which each of us could have at our disposal. We thus started to be a part of the Postiglione Band.

On the following night and precisely on 4th October 1943, during a meeting at the “Scuola di Avviamento Marinaro”, the premises of which G. Nebbia had put at our disposal being its Secretary and a teacher of Marine Biology, I pointed out that a communication had come according to which, on the following day the Germans would come down from Ancona in order to catch all the fishing boats in the harbor. We decided to leave immediately and Nebbia and I managed to alert the crews and the owners of the fishing boats about the immediate departure.

Ensign Nebbia was entrusted the task of heading to the southern ports which were in the hands of the Allied Forces, and of taking there to safety as many vessels as he could.

On that same night fifteen boats were put to sea and reached happily the towns of Manfredonia, Vieste, and the Tremiti Islands.

I saw Giovanni Nebbia again at Termoli on 14th December 1943 and he was still in charge of of the fishing boat “SATURNIA” where he worked for the Allied Forces.

Sincerely,
Captain Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa

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And here is a statement of recognition from Major Italo Postiglione:

COMANDO GRUPPO BANDE ARMATE “POSTIGLIONE” – (23ˆ – 24ˆ)
RAGGRUPPAMENTO GRAN-SASSO

Si certifica che il Guardiamarina di Compl. NEBBIA Giovanni, fece parte di questo Gruppo Bande Armate fin dal 25 Settembre 1943.

Egli venne inviato dal sottoscritto in porti italiani già liberati, il Ottobre 2 1943, al comando di una flottiglia di circa 20 grandi motopescherecci sottratti all’esercito tedesco soltanto poche ore prima che questo ne effettuasse la già predisposta cattura nel porto di S. Benedetto del Tonto.

Grottammare li 3 Agosto 1944.

IL COMANDANTE DEL GRUPPO BANDE ARMATE (23ˆ – 24ˆ)
(Maggiore Italo Postiglione)

In translation:

ARMED COMMAND GROUP “POSTIGLIONE” – (No. 23 and No. 24)
GRAN-SASSO GROUP

[Annelisa explained that armed patriot groups had a name and a number. There were two groups under Major Postiglione. They took their names from the Gran Sasso mountain of the Abruzzo. When eventually new armed groups were created, northwards, the numbers increased.]

This is to certify that Ensign Complement Nebbia Giovanni, was part of this Armed Group since September 25, 1943.

On the 5th of October 1943, he was sent by the undersigned toward the Italian ports that had already been liberated, in the command of a flotilla of about 20 big trawlers which the German had failed to capture only some hours before their arrival thus avoiding the capture of the entire flotilla which they had planned to steal from the harbor of San Benedetto del Tronto.

Grottammare, August 3, 1944

THE COMMANDER OF THE ARMED GROUP BAND (23-24)
(Major Italo Postiglione)

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“This photo was taken at the harbour with a class of marinaretti (young sailors)” Annelisa wrote. “My father in his Captain uniform is next to a very good teacher of the school dressed in civilian clothes on top of the group in the picture.”

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This aerial photo of San Benedetto del Tronto, taken by Annelisa, shows the estuary of the River Tenna and the harbor as it looks today.



I.S.9 Agent Spartaco Perini

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Spartaco Perini enters the Palazzo dei Capitani del Popolo in Ascoli Piceno on the day of the Allied liberation of the city, June 18, 1944

Late last month I received from Pietro Perini, the son of I.S.9 agent Lieutenant Spartaco Perini, a short biography of his father. That biography is below, in Italian paragraphs alternating with English translation.

Nato in Ascoli Piceno il 23.12.1919.

Spartaco Perini was born in Ascoli Piceno on December 23, 1919.

Dopo aver terminato il Corso di Allievi Ufficiali a Bassano del Grappa, nel 1941 viene mandato in Grecia dove rimane per circa un anno e mezzo sul Canale di Corinto, con il compito di sorvegliare il ponte sul Canale. Faceva parte della Divisione Julia.

In 1941, after finishing the cadet course in Bassano del Grappa, he was sent to Greece, where he remained for about 18 months on the Corinth Canal, with the task of guarding the bridge over the canal. He was part of the Division Julia.

Successivamente il 30 dicembre 1942 parte per il Fronte Russo.

Then, on December 30, 1942, he set off for the part Russian Front.

Ha partecipato a tutta la ritirata da Rossosh (Russia) a Brest (Bielorussia). Nel mese di marzo del 1943 è rientrato in Italia, dopo aver percorso quasi 3.000 KM. di cui quasi 400 a piedi a -45°C.

He participated in the mass retreat from Rossosh (Russia) in Brest (Belarus). In March of 1943 he returned to Italy, having travelled 3,000 kilometers, nearly 400 of which was on foot in -45°C.

Torna a casa, in convalescenza verso l’inizio dell’estate 1943, ricoverato nell’Ospedale Militare di Ascoli Piceno, dove trascorre più di due mesi per polmonite.

Back at home in early summer 1943, he was admitted to the military hospital at Ascoli Piceno, where he spent more than two months in recovery from pneumonia.

L’8 settembre il Maresciallo Badoglio firma l’Armistizio.

On September 8, Marshal Badoglio signed the Armistice.

Il 9 settembre esce dall’Ospedale Militare di Ascoli con una licenza di convalescenza di novanta giorni e il giorno 12 settembre organizza una rivolta contro una colonna tedesca di passaggio ad Ascoli Piceno che aveva il compito di compiere rastrellamenti nelle caserme italiane.

On September 9, he left the military hospital of Ascoli Piceno with a permit for ninety days of convalescence, and on September 12 he organized an uprising against a German troop movement passing through Ascoli Piceno that was responsible for making raids into Italian barracks.

Successivamente si ritira a Colle San Marco dove organizza una delle prime formazioni partigiane in Italia.

He later withdrew to Colle San Marco, where he organized one of the first partisan groups in Italy.

Nei giorni 3,4,5 ottobre i tedeschi, guidati dai fascisti del luogo, attaccano i partigiani che sono costretti a ritirarsi lasciando sul campo 37 morti tra caduti in battaglia e fucilati e facendo circa 80 vittime tra i tedeschi.

During October 3–5, the Germans, led by local fascists, attacked the partisans who were forced to retreat, leaving in the field 37 who had fallen in battle and were shot, and having taken 80 German fatalities.

Spartaco Perini riesce a sfuggire alla cattura e si nasconde in Abruzzo, a Martinsicuro. Qui, nel mese di Dicembre del 1943, aiutato da alcuni suoi amici riesce a reperire un peschereccio e a mettere in salvo alcuni ricercati dai tedeschi tra cui Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa (futuro Generale dei Carabinieri ucciso dalla mafia nel 1982) e il Principe Ruffo di Calabria (fratello della Regina del Belgio Paola di Liegi).

Spartaco Perini managed to escape capture and hid in Martinsicuro, in the Abruzzo. Here, in December 1943, helped by some of his friends, he succeeded in finding a fishing trawler, and was thus able to save some men who were wanted by the Germans, including Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa (future General of the Carabinieri, who was killed by the Mafia in 1982) and Prince Ruffo di Calabria (brother of Queen Paola of Belgium Liege).

Nel frattempo è stato assegnato al reparto informazioni dello Stato Maggiore Italiano (SIM) e entra a far parte dell’Intelligence Service 9, diventando un addetto allo spionaggio e un informatore degli Alleati. Oltrepassava continuamente le linee nemiche nonostante fosse ricercatissimo e condannato a morte dai nazifascisti. A volte via mare, a volte a piedi.

Meanwhile, he was assigned to the information department of the Stato Maggiore Italiano (SIM) [Italian General Staff] and joined the Intelligence School 9 [I.S.9], becoming a spy and informant for the Allies. He came and went across the front—despite being sought after and sentenced to death by the fascists—sometimes by sea, sometimes on foot.

E’ stato utilizzato come paracadutista–sabotatore oltre che addetto al recupero di sbandati, di ex prigionieri con il compito di portarli sulle linee e aiutarli ad attraversarle.

He was used as a paratrooper-saboteur assigned to recovery of evaders and former prisoners, with the task of taking them to the front and helping them cross it.

Ha parlato diverse volte ad “Italia Combatte” di Radio Bari.

He spoke several times on Radio Bari’s “Italia Combatte” [“Italy Fights”].

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In una notte di luna del 2 febbraio 1944, insieme a Fausto Simonetti viene catturato da una pattuglia di sciatori tedeschi. Egli era a piedi, in una zona di confine del fronte, sotto il monte Majella, esattamente il cimitero di Guardiagrele. Pochi giorni prima c’era stato lo sbarco degli Americani ad Anzio e contemporaneamente verso Pescara, c’era un grosso movimento di automezzi, di artiglierie e carri armati tedeschi che provenivano da Bolzano percorrendo la strada Adriatica, per cercare di tamponare gli Americani ad Anzio.

On a moonlit night of February 2, 1944, Spartico and Fausto Simonetti were captured by a patrol of German skiers. They were on foot, in a border area of the front, under Mount Majella—more precisely at the cemetery Guardiagrele. At that time the Americans had just landed at Anzio and, simultaneously, a large movement of German vehicles, artillery, and tanks were moving from Bolzano along the Adriatic road toward Pescaro, in an attempt to stanch the Americans at Anzio.

Gli inglesi lo avevano istruito. Nel caso fosse stato catturato, doveva raccontare esattamente la sua vita da militare: doveva dire di essere un sottotenente degli Alpini del Battaglione Cividale, di essere un reduce dalla Russia (e fin qui era tutto vero).

The British had given instructions. If he was captured, Spartaco was to recount exactly his life as a soldier: that he was a lieutenant of the Alpini Battalion Cividale and back from fighting the Russians (and so far it was all true).

Gli inglesi gli avevano procurato anche dei documenti falsi e doveva dire di chiamarsi Emidio Folini di Sassoferrato (questo era il suo nome di battaglia) e che stava scappando perché era un fascista.

The British had also ordered false documents for Spartaco, and he had to say his name was Emidio Folini Sassoferrato (this was his nom de guerre), and that he was fleeing because he was a fascist.

Dopo i primi interrogatori sotto tortura a Guardiagrele, è stato portato a Villa San Sebastiano, vicino Tagliacozzo.

After the first interrogation under torture in Guardiagrele, he was brought to Villa San Sebastiano, near Tagliacozzo.

Qui i tedeschi, per controllare che fosse vero quello che lui raccontava, gli fecero molte domande sul Corpo d’Armata Alpino in Russia e lui fu in grado di rispondere con precisione poiché erano fatti che aveva vissuto realmente.

Here the Germans, to make sure what he told them was true, asked many questions about the Corpo d’Armata Alpino [Alpine Army Corps] in Russia, and he was able to answer accurately because they were they were things he had really experienced.

Lo interrogava un colonnello delle SS, che era innamorato degli Alpini e parlava perfettamente l’italiano.

The interrogator, an SS colonel, was enamored of the Alpini and he spoke perfect Italian.

A questo colonnello tedesco raccontò che cercava di scappare e di andare verso Nord perché voleva avere notizie della sua famiglia, perchè da anni non ne aveva e anche perché era un fascista e mostrò la falsa tessera del Partito che gli era stata data dagli inglesi.

At this point he told the German colonel that he tried to run away and go north in order to get news of his family, since they had been separated for years, and also because he was a fascist; he showed the false party card that had been given by the British.

Il colonnello delle SS che lo interrogava era stato Ufficiale di collegamento in Russia tra il Corpo d’Armata Alpino ed il suo Comando Tedesco e si convinse che quello che diceva era vero e alla fine gli ha chiesto di lavorare per lui e di tornare al Sud.

The SS colonel who questioned him was a liaison officer in Russia between the Alpine Corps and its German command, and he was convinced that what Spartico said was true; he eventually asked Spartico to work for him and to return to the south.

Spartaco Perini fece il doppio gioco. Al colonnello descrisse gli Alleati come dei cannibali, usando per loro gli aggettivi che avrebbe usato per i tedeschi. Questo colonnello delle SS gli promise un mese di licenza a Sassoferrato, dai suoi anziani genitori.

Spartaco Perini made the double play. To the Colonel he described the Allies as cannibals—using adjectives for them that he would have used for the Germans. The SS colonel promised him a month’s leave in Sassoferrato, near his elderly parents.

Il colonnello gli rilasciò un documento/lasciapassare in cui si dichiarava che Spartaco Perini dipendeva dal vertice del Controspionaggio tedesco in Italia, che doveva essere aiutato in caso di bisogno dai tedeschi e dai fascisti, che poteva andare armato. Lo mise sotto la protezione tedesca, dandogli anche una rivoltella calibro 9 Beretta.

The Colonel issued him a pass stating that Spartico Perini was under protection of the high German counterintelligence in Italy and was to be assisted as needed by the Germans and fascists; he was allowed to be armed. He put him under the protection of Germany, even giving him a 9mm Beretta pistol.

Appena fuori da questo comando tedesco, Perini si è messo in contatto via radio con gli Alleati, i quali gli dissero di rientrare immediatamente al Sud, perché volevano vedere il documento che gli avevano dato i tedeschi.

Just out of the German command, Spartaco Perini made contact by radio with the Allies, who told him to return immediately to the south, because they wanted to see the document the Germans gave him.

Spartaco riesce ad organizzare un imbarco e arriva a destinazione con una barca a vela di sei metri piena di militari alleati che cercavano di fuggire. Arrivato a destinazione consegna il documento dei tedeschi al suo Comando che riesce a farne diverse copie da consegnare ai propri agenti. Poi guida gli Alleati al Comando tedesco dove era stato fatto prigioniero, riuscendo a smantellare tutta la loro organizzazione.

Spartaco organized an embarkation and arrived at his destination with a sailboat six meters long filled with Allied soldiers who had sought to escape. At this destination, he delivered the German document to his command so that they could make copies to be delivered to their agents. Then he guided the Allies to the German High Command where he had been taken prisoner, and they managed to dismantle their entire organization.

Per questo motivo gli Alleati gli saranno eternamente grati, proponendolo per una decorazione Alleata che non ha mai ricevuto.

For this reason, the Allies will be eternally grateful, proposing him for a decoration that Allied have never received.

Fa ritorno ad Ascoli Piceno il 18 giugno del 1944 insieme agli alleati, liberando così la sua città.

Together with the Allies, he returned to Ascoli Piceno on June 18, 1944, thus freeing his own home city.

Spartaco Perini è morto il 18 maggio del 2001.

Spartaco Perini died on May 18, 2001.

Ma io continuo la sua Resistenza.

I continue his Resistance.

Additional Information

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Spartaco Perini walks with the Allies through the streets of Ascoli Piceno on the day of the city’s liberation

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Dino Perini

Spartaco’s brother, Dino Perini, also served as an agent in I.S.9 operations.

There are a couple of brief references to Spartaco—and to his brother—in I.S.9 papers from the British National Archives that researcher Brian Sims shared with me:

In a progress report dated September 16–29, 1943, an entry for December 20 reads, “PERINI and BRINDISI for early return. No indication what has happened to POP and PERINI’s brother.”

Another document, dated “In the Field, Jan 28, 44″ that lists mission personnel and their roles in operations, says, “Ratberry Agents on This Side. Fausto…awaiting immediate return to Ratberry. Perini…returning with Fausto.”

“Ratberry” operations refer to the safe line evacuation of escapers and evaders from within enemy-occupied territory via the Adriatic coastline.

I take it “on this side” refers to personnel providing assistance from the liberated side of the line, such as wireless telecommunication support. Other Italian army personnel, local guides, and civilian helps are also listed in the document.


I.S.9 Captain Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello

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Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello

Many of the stories on this site concerning the protection of escaped POWs describe the brave actions of the contadini, the poor farmers of central Italy.

But people from other strata of Italian society were also involved in the rescue of escapees and evaders. Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello, the son of R. Ranieri Bourbon del Monte, Marquis of Sorbello, and of Romeyne Robert, an American, is one example of an aristocrat and scholar who lent his expertise and means to the cause of rescuing these stranded soldiers.

A document recommending an award for Uguccione, now in the British National Archives (provided by researcher Brian Sims), has this to say about Uguccione’s service:

“From early November, 1943 until June, 1944 this officer worked behind the lines organising the escape of Allied P/W and showed great personal courage and disregard of danger. On one occasion when the land escape route was disrupted due to enemy vigilance and activity he successfully arranged the evacuation by fishing boat of 27 P/Ws. He was constantly aware of the atrocities committed against P/W by the Germans and Fascists and did all in his power to alleviate the plight of these prisoners. Through the partisans he pursued the originators of these atrocities and saw to it that a number met a proper fate. His energy and extreme loyalty was an inspiration to the many Italian soldiers who worked alongside him.”

In 1945, Uguccione was decorated with a silver medal for valor—and, in 1949, a Ministry of Defense bronze medal—for his rescue and recovery involvement.

I am grateful to Uguccione’s son, Professor Ruggero Ranieri, for allowing me to share on this site the following paper about his father.

The role of Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello in the operations of the Ratline (Marche and Abruzzi)

1. Sources used

There are two main sources on the history of the Adriatic coast Ratline, which was active between December 1943 and June 1944. One consists of the documents of IS9 itself, which are kept at the NA in Kew Garden. The documentation is fairly vast, but there are two important files covering the key events: Major Fillingham’s report and the Newsletter of IS9 itself, printed every fortnight with news from the various battle fronts, or better from the various Field Section in which A-Force was divided.

The second source is the archive of Captain Stipa, who was in charge of the Ratline and is kept among the papers of the Commune of Offida (Ascoli Piceno). These papers contain very detailed reports on the day to day operation of the Ratline and a final report by Captain Stipa on its activities. I complemented this source with a long interview to Carla Stipa, the daughter of the Captain who was a witness the events of the Ratline. Who was Luigi Stipa? He was an Aeronautical engineer, employed by the Italian Ministry of Aviation, with the degree of Captain. By 1943 he had already tested and patented a monoplane which was built by the Caproni engineering firm. At the moment of the Armistice he was serving as captain in the military school at Orvieto. With the arrival of the Germans, he escaped with his family in a country house belonging to his wife, between Offida and Appignano, not far from Ascoli Piceno and it was there that he was first contacted by my father and then recruited by A-Force, ending up in command of the Ratline.

To better understand the role of Uguccione, my father, in the operation there are other valuable sources. One is his own written recollections, dating back to 1951. They are very short, however, and although carefully written only give a very basic account of his activities during this period.

Another important source is the diary of Countess Andreola Vinci Pallavicino, which have been recently published. Countess Andreola, just like Uguccione of mixed Italian-English speaking background. She had married a well established landowner, Zeno Vinci Gigliucci, who owned an estate and a large beautiful villa, by the name of Boccabianca, along the Adriatic coast, north of Cupra Marittima. Here the couple spent the war time years. The estate of Boccabianca included a number of farm houses, scattered across the hills and along the valley of the Menocchia. Since both Andreola and her husband were anti-fascists and Anglophiles they used some of these houses to host escaped POWs. Other houses, however, they were forced to hand over to billet fascist and German contingents. It was a tricky brinksmanship. Andreola, herself a cultivated artist, kept a diary in which she recorded the main events taking place at and near Boccabianca. This diary is in many ways comparable to the better know one by Iris Origo, at la Foce, near Chianciano in the province of Siena, which has become a classic.

Finally another interesting source are the Escape and Evasion reports of the POWs, brought back by IS9 through the lines. They are kept at the NA in London under the War Office files.

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British identification for Captain Uguccione “Hugh” Ranieri di Sorbello

2. Uguccione’s biography: a very brief introduction

Who was Uguccione Ranieri, my father? He was born in 1906 in an aristocratic family in Umbria so at the time of our story he was 37 years old. His mother Romeyne Robert was American. He studied law in Rome and then went to the United States, where, between 1929 and 1936, he worked as an instructor of Italian literature at the University of Yale also taking part in the activities of the Italian-American community. He also began his career as a critic and a writer. He moved back to Rome and took a job in the Ministry of Culture in 1938, in charge of reporting on the foreign press. At this time, he began to question his youthful fascist ideas, and became more and more estranged from the regime. At the time of the armistice in 1943 he was serving as a lieutenant in the Italian Army, in Cento, in the province of Ferrara. He left the barracks and escaped south with the aim of joining the Allies in Southern Italy. On the way, he stopped at his friends Vinci in Boccabianca, and from there, together with a small party of people, including friends of jewish origin, fled south by boat, after having taken hold of a small craft in the harbour of S. Benedetto. The party reached the Tremiti islands and then the town of Termoli, which had just been liberated by the Allies. There he was recruited by IS9, after receiving permission from the Italian High Command.

3. The Termoli headquarters of IS9

IS9 was a joint Allied service, coming under the authority of MI9 in the British War Office in London. Its task was to deal with Escape and Evasion, (or E. and E.), servicemen who had been prisoners and escaped, or more broadly Allied individuals who found themselves behind German lines, but who had managed to avoid being recaptured. The largest number of these were British or Commonwealth soldiers who had been captured in Northern Africa and held in prison camps in Central and Northern Italy. At the time of the armistice there were about 80.000 POWs in the camps, of which more than half were sent to camps in Germany. Many of them escaped from the camps but were soon recaptured, but this still left large numbers who went under cover in various parts of the Italian countryside. Many of them were in the Marche and Abruzzi.

IS9, which in Italy was often referred to as A-Force, started its work in Italy after the armistice under the direction of Colonel Simonds, who mounted a rescue operation with teams of parachutist from British Special Forces, who by November had managed to bring back about 1000 prisoners. After that IS9 came under the command of Major Fillingham. It was cut down to a small operation, consisting of a few British officers and military personnel and it was organized in Field Sections, each with the task of infiltrating one part of enemy territory.

The headquarters of Field Section n. 5, which worked along the Adriatic coast, was set in Termoli and in mid November 1943 was entrusted to Captain A. Robb. Field Secton n.5 worked alongside the Boating Section which specialized in rescue missions by sea, while the rest of the work involved land based missions in enemy territory.

Here are some brief abstracts from the fortnightly newsletter issued by IS9 and distributed to its operatives.

On October 30 Lieut. Col. Simonds handed over control over his Termoli HQ to Major Fillingham who continued to operate small fishing craft on prearranged plans and on short term operations with small craft, the skippers of which had reached Termoli carrying ex P/Ws and had expressed their willingness to return for more. Such operations had paid good dividends and are continuing… [Newsletter n. 1—November 15, 1943]

IS9 was planning to recruit a number of Italian soldiers (“Forks”) to assist the operations of its sections.

The supply of these soldiers has been agreed by the Italian authorities and we are now in the throes of collecting, housing and administering them. It is hoped to get 3 officers and a number of N. C. Os among the party and all will be under Italian Army discipline and under general Command of a Captain who has been loaned to us by the Italian authorities [Newsletter n. 2—November 30, 1943]

Uguccione was first involved in rescuing Allied prisoners by boat. We have records of two missions. The first one took place in early November. Uguccione was landed on the coast between Cupramarittima and Pedaso and was then able to bring back a considerable party of prisoners, departing from S. Benedetto. In the second mission he was landed further north, at Porto S. Giorgio, on November 26. By this time, however, further rescue missions by boat had become too dangerous because of weather conditions and increased enemy surveillance. So Uguccione was ordered to prepare a Ratline. This is confirmed in Andreola Vinci’s diary, where on December 1 she writes: “Uguccione has been charged to form the so called Ratline on land, with guides to accompany POWs from one safe point to the next”.

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Map reconstruction of a Ratline from Montalto delle Marche in the north to Guardiagrele in the south

4. Operation Ratberry—The Ratline

Establishing a Ratline meant essentially mapping an itinerary consisting of a number of safe houses, through which POWs could be escorted from enemy occupied territory across the front line, back to safety in the Allied camp. First plans were drawn up in November 1943, by the name of Operation Ratberry, but proved to be too ambitious and far reaching. A second attempt, on the other hand, was more successful, if geographically more limited.

Here is the official account of the setting up and first operations of the Ratline [Quotations are from Major Fillingham’s Report—The official history of Ratberry and of IS9, The National Archives (London) WO, 208/3250]:

It was decided that perhaps the first plan was too ambitious and penetrated to too great a depth. The new plan called for the infiltration by sea and land of six carefully chosen Italian agents, who were all born and bred in the area of operations. They were to concentrate at a known safe house at Monte Giorgio and from there move out to pre-selected points along a proposed ratline. As stated this line was much shorter than that proposed in the first plan and the general idea was to establish a passage through the line and later extend the influence of the ratline through the efforts of locally recruited guides. Our experience during the first unsuccessful operation had proved to us that such a line would not be made in a day. We had, however, the advantage of being able to avoid mistakes previously made and the report of Capt. Mc Gibbon Lewis proved of great assistance. A further advantage to this second plan was that the senior Italian organiser was not only familiar with the area, but owned several estates and properties which could be considered safe staging posts along the ratline. [Possibly this is a reference to Uguccione; although factually inaccurate, it does capture the idea the English officers might have had of him.]

The mission was successfully landed and during the following three weeks succeeded in establishing a safe line. The one disadvantage was that the headquarters of the line did not have W/T communications with 5 field section. Although an excellent system of communications was built up through a courier service running to and fro through the lines, it will readily be seen that this method of passing information across the line is not only slow but should a courier fall into the hands of the enemy, might prove most insecure. It was arranged, therefore, to infiltrate a wireless operator and set at the first available opportunity. January 16th produced the ratline’s initial success, when the surprisingly large part of 31 E and Es were passed through the lines. On interrogation each one of them spoke highly of the excellent organization which had enabled them to be safely guided down a line some 60-mile in length. Staging posts were being set up to receive the evaders at the end of each day’s journey, where the E and Es received a meal and a night’s sleep. The total journey down the line, including the final crossing, took 6 days on average but movement was naturally restricted when enemy forces presented an unnecessary danger.

Couriers frequently arrived with requests for stores to be dropped at various posts along the line and we were able to despatch these successfully. Without direct W/T communication the reception committees were obliged to stand by for long periods awaiting sustainable flying conditions but we were able to limit these periods to a minimum through the broadcasting on BBC news in Italian of pre-arranged phrases. For the remainder of the Winter period the ratline worked effectively and parties of P/W were passed through the lines almost daily. By the arrival of the spring, organisation along the line had been almost perfected, a wireless operation had been infiltrated and the scope of ‘Ratberry’ tremendously increased…

One concern of IS9 was the prominent role the Fascists were taking in recapturing P/Ws. The Germans, it was thought, could not spare the manpower for these operations. The Fascists adopted particular methods:

Not only do they include operating in civilian clothes whilst carrying arms, but adopting the guise of both helpers and escapees. A favourite method is to gain admittance into a peasants cottage in the pose of an escapee and being given help to murder the cottagers and burn down the property [Newsletter n. 8—December 12, 1943]

By the Spring the Ratline was proving a success.

Good news indeed from N.5 Section. The Rats have been on the air! Their first message could not be broken down as only the first half of the cipher was received. This means a great deal to plan ‘Ratberry’ as direct W/T communications mid-way down the rat line must increase the possibilities of success 100%. P/Ws returning down Ratberry during the last seven days numbered 38. A signal just received reports that three Majors are included in the last party of seven and earlier in the week a L Colonel came through. Good work 5 Section. [Newsletter n. 18—April 1, 1943]

IS9 was heavily dependent on the assistance of the peasants:

…We depend a good deal on the peasants and without their assistance our task would be very much more difficult. It may be well therefore to examine their present position. The majority still regard the war with impartiality and look upon it as an evil state which has interrupted their simple and industrious way of life. Too many of them, men in distress should be given a helping hand irrespective of their race or creed, but even to people possessing such simple and kind sentiments, there comes a time when they readjust their outlook and turn against the aggressor. Since the invasion of Italy by the Allies, the peasants have given our prisoners continual help, but the increased atrocities and acts of vandalism committed by the enemy against their families and property seems to have spurred them on to even greater efforts on behalf of the Allies.

Their lot is not an easy one, and now they have another problem which must also effect the prisoners still at large within enemy occupied Italy, and increase the peasants’ risk of compromise. Enemy propaganda is frantically trying to give the impression of the successful organisation of the Republican Army and of the enthusiasm prevailing in all ranks. Evasions of the call-up are the rule rather than the exception, and even after recruitment desertions are frequent. The deserter has two methods of escape, one to join the ranks of a patriot band or else seek hiding with a peasant family. Many adopt the latter course which means another mouth for the peasant to feed and cloth.

From our point of view we can only hope that the Italians unwilling to join the Fascist Army do not impose upon the peasant for shelter, but take the former course and join the patriot forces and assist to undermine the internal security of Nazi occupied territory.

The enemy is again publishing posters offering the reward of 1800 lire to anyone denouncing the presence of an Allied P/W and threatening the death penalty to anyone sheltering or hiding one… [Newsletter n. 23—May 6, 1944]

Of course, great risks were involved:

Every other day we learn of act of violence by the enemy, and the majority occur after one or another of the clandestine organisations twist his tail. The fact must be faced that the enemy is fully aware of many of the activities occurring behind his front line and react every now and again in sheer desperation. It is true, however, that due to the limited forces he has available he is unable to offer a sustained and concentrated resistance calculated to have a serious effect on the feasibility of such operations or, in any way to render them impossible. In order to stamp out subversive activities he would need to move many more divisions into Italy, than he can ever hope to spare. [Newsletter n. 24—15 May, 1944]

By June 1944 the Allies were advancing northwards overrunning enemy positions. Reports on the Ratline reflected this new situation:

N. 5 Field Section reports a further 12 ex P/ws from Ratberry but this, too, no doubt will soon be overrun by our forces. The W/T operator who is doing a grand job reports much movement to the North making the task of hiding the ex P/Ws more difficult.[ Newsletter n. 28—June 10, 1944]

The whole operation was being gradually scaled down, although not quite. F/L Humbleton was left in charge of winding down:

the Ratberryboys who have been overrun. One recent signal from the W/T set gave us the news that they had collected some 120 ex P/Ws and were keeping them in safe custody awaiting the arrival of our troops. [Newsletter n. 30—June 24, 1944]

At the end of July 1944 the IS9 newsletter focuses on the role of Uguccione:

A welcome visitor to this HQ recently was L. Hugh, our Italian keystone of the Ratline in the Marche-Abruzzi area from December 1943 to June 1944. This Ratline was responsible for bringing to safety over 400 P/ws and evaders and whilst being broken in places at various times, through arrest and murder of certain agents, was always repaired and functioned successfully until the whole of the line was overrun by our advancing troops. No praise is too high for the gallant helpers and for Hugh in particular for their splendid efforts on behalf of ex/ P.Ws. A special word of praise also is due to the W/T operator who, since being dropped in March rarely missed a ‘sked’ and sent over 50 messages. N. 5 Field Section, too, must be congratulated on maintaining, advising and helping their Ratline and in supplying new agents to repair the breaks… [Newsletter n. 32—July 8, 1944]

What do we know about Uguccione’s activities from other sources? Where was he during this period? And what did his work consist of? All available sources confirm that he was stationed throughout this period at the Villa Vinci in Boccabianca from where he made frequent forays both inland and south. His first task had been to set up the Ratline, establishing the itinerary, selecting the safe houses, contacting helpers and partisans along the way, assessing the risks. He did this in cooperation with Captain Stipa at whose house he was based for a large part of the month of December. After that he was relieved of this duty and was assigned a different mission i.e. keeping in touch with the HQs of the Field Section. In addition he was to gather information and round up a certain number of prisoners sending them down the Ratline. He cooperated with other agents in running a flanking operation to the Ratline, i.e. establishing communications, keeping contact with local partisans willing to help, and making sure that the whole operation was safely conducted. The next commanding officer on the Italian side of the Ratline, until March 1944, was Nanni Giovannetti; finally Captain Stipa himself was given full command.

Here is what Uguccione says about his involvement in the Ratline. First of all he puts the number of people rescued along the Ratline at 900. This is evidently a much higher figure that the official estimate and even of that by Major Stipa. I think that this higher estimate is probably to be put down to the fact that the Ratline was used also by a large number of Italian and other nationality refugees, who do not appear on the official allied count. For example on April 30 British sources mention the fact that 60 Yugoslav soldiers had benefited from the Ratline.

Uguccione then adds: “The Ratline became famous in the high Allied command and was taken as a model for operations in other areas”. Commenting on the actual operations, Uguccione does not claim that he was in charge of the organization. He points out that there were many losses, houses were burnt by the enemy and agents were captured and killed. He writes “I owe a lot to my radio/telegraph operator, Rossi, who travelled with me with me carrying his set in a sack across the mountains of the Marche and the Abruzzi, often sleeping outdoors, tireless and optimistic”. Another invaluable helper quoted by Uguccione was Ermanno Finocchi, whom he refers to as “my right hand man”.

Stipa’s testimony, confirms this state of affairs. The Stipa papers contain the lists of all the British prisoners who belonged to each party that was sent down the Ratline. They also account for the different helpers along the way, the practical problems incurred, from feeding the prisoners, providing medical assistance, accounting for possible Fascist or German spies. In a few occasions safe houses had be changed, because of enemy infiltration. A number of helpers were captured and killed. There were heroic examples, such as that of Emidio Azzari, a helper who had been in touch first with Hugh and then with Stipa, who was caught by the Germans and tortured. If he had spoken the whole Ratline would have been discovered. As a matter of fact he did not speak and the operation survived, while he was crippled for life as a result of the tortures received.

Stipa also mentions his relations with Uguccione. After a period of full cooperation, in the setting up of the Ratline, relations became more guarded. Stipa didn’t understand the role of Hugh, who occasionally appeared at his house at Appignano, with assignments that were not clear to him. Stipa, for example, writes that, on May 18, Hugh came to visit him and had reported that he was based in Villa Vinci and working in liaising with local partisan bands. The secret for keeping the operation viable was that no one officer in the field had the entire picture of the operation.

A final brief assessment of the Ratline is provided by Major Fillingham’s report when he writes:

Whilst not wishing to underestimate the successful efforts of this section, who produced a larger number of E and Es than any other of our land units, it is true to say that they had the easiest sector of the front to work on. In addition far more P/Ws were located in the Marche and Abruzzi than in any other area.

The names of the key people involved in the Ratline are inscribed on a commemorative stone in the garden of the Stipa House near Appignano. Twenty collaborators to the network are mentioned. There were four Italian soldiers killed while on duty. A number of civilians were killed, plus many more captured and wounded.

The British army had a policy of not handing out decoration to non-British nationals, other than the standard Certificate of Merit. A few Italian decorations were handed out to some of the key figures involved. My father Uguccione was decorated with a Silver and then a Bronze medal in 1946, while Captain Stipa had to wait for his medal until 1978! Research on most of the helpers still needs to be done. I have found a picture of Andrea Scattini who was captured by the fascists and then executed on March 8, 1944 while visiting his young wife and child in Force, just north of Ascoli Piceno.

—Ruggero Ranieri

Bibliography

Scritti scelti di Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello: 1960–1969, a cura di Elena Dundovich e Ruggero Ranieri, Firenze, Olschki, 2004.

Roger Absalom, L’alleanza inattesa: mondo contadino e prigionieri alleati in fuga in Italia (1943–1945), Bologna, Pendragon, 2011.

Giorgio Evangelisti, Luigi Stipa: un sogno lungo una vita, Firenze, Olimpia, 2004.

Giuseppe Millozzi, Prigionieri alleati: cattura, detenzione e fuga nelle Marche: 1941–1944, Perugia, Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello Foundation, 2007.

Alessandro Perini, I diari di Babka 1943–1944: aristocrazia antifascista e missioni segrete, 2007.

Ruggero Ranieri, “Missioni alleate dell’A-Force: Marche e Abruzzi (Settembre’43–Luglio’44)”, in Convegno Micro Macro Storia. Memoria storica, idrogeologica e ambientale del territorio. I discendenti di Giorgio di Prenta detti Salvadori tra le due sponde dell’Adriatico. 5 Settembre 2009, s.d. [2011], pp. 151–171.

Ruggero Ranieri, “Prigionieri alleati in Italia centrale: nuove piste di documentazione”, in Bolotti Silvia e Rossi Tommaso (a cura di), La guerra sull’Appennino umbro-marchigiano 1940–1945. Fonti e prospettive di ricerca. Atti del convegno, Fabriano 6 ottobre 2011, pp. 109–116.

Major Fillingham’s Report—The official history of Ratberry and of IS9, The National Archives (London) WO, 208/3250

IS9 Newsletter in The National Archives (London) WO, 208/3250


Soldiers of the Strange Night

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For author Robert A. Newton, publication earlier this year of a 360-page book entitled Soldiers of the Strange Night marked the culmination of many years of dedicated research.

Robert’s experience was a personal journey of first coming to understand, and now sharing, the full life story of his father’s brother—and Robert’s own namesake—U.S. Army Corporal Robert Alvey Newton, who was called Alvey by his family and friends.

Robert took the title of his book from a quote by Pulitzer Prize–winning American journalist and roving war correspondent Ernest Taylor “Ernie” Pyle (who, like Alvey, was born and raised in Indiana and attended Indiana University):

“Everything in this world had stopped except war and we are all men of a new profession out in a strange night caring for each other.”—Ernie Pyle, Brave Men

One way to understand war is to study it in terms of politics, power, strategy, and battles won or lost. Another way, which was Ernie Pyle’s way and Robert Newton’s approach as well, is see it on a deeply personal level—of men serving together as brothers and caring for each other, while acting in a savage, tumultuous theatre.

This spirit of compassion and bravery was characteristic also of the Italians who sheltered Allied escapers—in the case of Robert and fellow escapee Martin Majeski, the Viozzi family, who are profiled in the book.

I’ve written several posts on this website about former P.G. 59 prisoner Robert Alvey Newton, and felt I knew most of the details of his story before reading this book—his service with the First Armored Division in North Africa, capture, internment in Italy, having been sheltered after escape, and finally the recapture and murder of the two young soldiers by Germans and Fascist collaborators.

However, this excellent book held many surprises for me.

Alvey’s spirit shines through recounted stories of his growing up on the Newton family farm in Logansport, Indiana; adventures with his boyhood “Pirate Gang” friends; excitement of finding his way in the world as a young man; and the dread of leaving college for service in the military.

Once inducted, Alvey was a fine soldier, trained well, forged strong friendships, and wrote home faithfully. Robert draws on passages from Alvey’s letters to give us insight into what he was thinking and feeling.

Robert describes the pain the Newton family experienced on learning of Alvey’s murder, and of their life-long struggle to come to terms with their grief.

What form of justice can there be for an atrocity such as this? Robert Newton has found one way—to seek out every available testimony and bit of evidence regarding Alvey’s death and to tell the story clearly—bearing witness to the truth. He has accomplished this admirably in this volume.

During his years of gathering information, Robert wrote to and spoke with many men who had been prisoners of war at P.G. 59. Each shared his story with Robert, and in a chapter of the book entitled “Brave Men” he recounts many of their experiences.

“The former American soldiers and ex-prisoners of war did not just tell me their stories. Rather, they entrusted them to me,” Robert writes. “I have a solemn obligation to now share those stories with the public, since that is the implied reason that so many consigned them to me.”

Robert’s book contains chapters on Nazi and Fascist atrocities in Italy, the notoriously brutal Fascist kingpin Settimio Roscioli, and the repressive work of the German Brandenburg Division in Italy. He rounds the volume out with an overview of Allied intelligence operations responsible for the rescue of scores of escapees from behind enemy lines.

Soldiers of the Strange Night, published by Freedom Street Press, is available through Amazon.com.

On this site, read also “The Story of Robert Alvey Newton,” “Robert Alvey Newton—Close to Home,” “Cesare Viozzi on Sheltering Robert A. Newton,” and “Robert A. Newton—Further Details.”

Below are a few of the many photos included in Soldiers of the Strange Night.

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Lifelong friends out fishing: Robert Alvey Newton and Robert J. “Doc” Frie

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Robert Alvey Newton camping in the Indiana woods. Regarding Alvey’s love of nature, Robert writes, “Alvey’s enthrallment with life in the outdoors began at a very early age. He often went into the woods alone, or with friends, transversing the banks of the rivers and streams while bearing a well-worn copy of Walden by Henry David Thoreau. He wrote the following epigraph just inside the cover: ‘Thoreau: My tutelary god.'”

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Robert Alvey Newton and friend Joe Kienly at the Boy Scouts training ship

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March 1942. A last photograph with his family as Robert Alvey Newton leaves for Fort Dix, New Jersey, and the war. The family was never to see him again. Left to right: Father, Claude Lee (C.L.) Newton; Robert Alvey, mother, Susie Newton; and brother “Red” Newton. Younger brother Joe Newton (not pictured) was serving in the U.S. Army Air Force at the time.

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Author Robert A. Newton

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This document, presented to Alvey’s family by Indiana University, reads:

Indiana University holds in reverent memory Robert Alvey Newton who died in the service of his country. His name has been inscribed on the permanent honor roll of his Alma Mater with the hope that his sacrifice may help those who come after him to live peaceably in the free world.

Bloomington, Indiana, May 1, 1946.

Herman B Wells
President, Indiana University


P.G. 59 Prisoner Arthur Page

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I am pleased to have added today a new name, British Sergeant Arthur Page, to the master Prisoner List on this site. Information on Arthur was sent to me by researcher Janet Kinrade Dethick.

She wrote:

“I have just come across the translation into Italian of part of a book by Sergeant Arthur Page, 5501857, captured near Tunis on 3 December 1942, who after a period in a camp in Sicily and then PG 66 at Capua was sent to Servigliano. He escaped at the Armistice, was recaptured and put on a train for Germany.

“He escaped from the train and, passing through (or near to) Bologna, Florence and Città di Castello, he arrived in Nocera Umbra, where he met a young man who took him up into the hills where he was sheltered firstly by the family of Attilio Tulli at Verchiano and then by the Spuntarelli family at Croce di Rocca Franca.

“When the worst of the winter ’43–44 was past, he and a fellow escaper, South African Piet van Rensburg, left for the Allied lines. They met the Allied troops not far from Servigliano.”

Janet said the original English version of Arthur’s book is entitled A Walk in Wartime Italy. It was published in 1995 by Airforce Publishing Services, P.O. Box 236, Swindon, Wilts. UK.


Vaccarezza Family—P.G. 52 Escapees Protected

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Farm building on a remote property owned by the Italian couple Gaetano and Maria Vaccarezza, where five escapees from P.G. 52 were sheltered

I received a note last month from Frank Vaccarezza. Frank explained that for a time during the war, his Italian grandparents had sheltered five Allied POWs, all escapees from P.G 52.

Frank who was born in Italy, has lived in the U.S. for most of his life. However, he is in communication with cousins in Italy, who live near his grandparent’s old property. Frank has asked that I post information about his grandparents’ assistance to the soldiers in the hopes of his making connections with the servicemen’s families.

Here is the information Frank sent:

I am trying to locate the families of several British Commonwealth soldiers who escaped during WW2 from P.G. 52 near Chiavari, Italy and hid from the German army in an old stone structure. Chiavari is a town on the Mediterranean Sea coast just about 25 miles south of Genoa. It’s believed these soldiers escaped some time in 1943, but I can’t really be sure of the year.

I would be most appreciative if any of these family members would share with me their relative’s story of this period in their lives.

These soldiers were able to travel on foot a distance of about 10 miles (roughly 15KM), and eventually found their way to one of my Grandparents’ parcels of land. Although this parcel of land was right in the middle of Lavagna / San Salvatore / Cogorno, across the Entella River from Chiavari, it was also somewhat remote. The only access, even today, is by a footpath along the creek at the bottom of the small valley. The men hid in an old stone house on the property, where my Grandfather had chestnut and olive trees and a vineyard.

On discovering them, my Grandfather willingly helped them by bringing them food on a regular basis—even while at his home, just three or four miles (roughly 5 or 6KM ) away, the German Army had set up a small command post in one of his out buildings. My father recalled his father (my Grandfather) giving him this update—two English soldiers and three South African soldiers of British descent escaped and found their way to the stone house.

During their stay in the house, the escapees inscribed on the top, outer side of the front door: “We are six English prisoners, in this room, like cattle.” I am not sure if my Grandfather had been using the stone structure or not. It was likely used only to store gardening tools and supplies. I know that in earlier times it was used as a barn, hence the reference to cattle. In even older times, it may have been a family residence since there is evidence of a second floor.

I don’t know much more, but am hoping the families of these soldiers will contact me, as I would really like to hear their stories of this time in their lives. After the war, my grandparents received an Alexander Certificate recognizing their help to these men. In the years after the war, one of more of them corresponded with my Grandparents. I don’t have any of the soldiers’ names. I am asking my relatives in Italy to search for the correspondence, but it’s doubtful these letters have survived over the years.

Thanks for any information anyone can send.

Regards,
Frank Vaccarezza

You may contact Frank directly at vaccarezza@att.net, or write to me, Dennis Hill (hilld@iu.edu), if you have any information about the PG 52 escapees who were sheltered by the Vaccarezza family.


“Operazione Nebbia”

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Giovanni Nebbia’s partisan identification card, issued in 1950 by the Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia, or National Association of the Italian Partisans, acknowledges his involvement with the Banda Gran Sasso from September 25, 1943 to June 20, 1944

Captain Giovanni Nebbia’s activity as an I.S.9 “helper” took place along the Adriatic coast of central Italy, including the port towns of Termoli, Manfredonia, and Vieste.

In 1943 Captain Nebbia spearheaded an operation to save the fishing fleet of San Benedetto del Tronto, which was under threat of seizure by the Germans, who were due for arrival in the town the next morning. On completion of the mission, Radio Bari broadcast news of the successful event, today described in Italian history books as ‘Operazione Nebbia.’”

An account of “Operation Nebbia” in Giovanni Nebbia’s own words, translated into English by Annelisa, is below. The original document in Italian is at the end of this post.

To Major R. E. ITALO POSTIGLIONE
Commander 23rd and 24th Patriot Groups
GROTTAMMARE

Having returned home after my departure from San Benedetto del Tronto in the night of 4-5 October 1943, I hasten to give you notice of the mission entrusted to me by you and of subsequent events.

According to the orders that you had given to me, on that date I immediately proceeded with the help of other officers from the groups of patriots to steal the fishing boats/trawlers and minesweepers requisitioned for certain capture by the Germans; such vessels in the port of San Benedetto del Tronto were equipped with local elements, and we launched them for the ports of southern Italy that were already in the hands of the Allies.

In all there were about 20 fishing boats, but only 16 of them set off. The rest fled a few days later in dribs and drabs.

At 9:00 p.m. we began to alert the owners and captains [of our impending departure], who in turn informed the crews. Then we began a hasty boarding of the most essential things for navigation and supplies for a stay that we hoped should not last for more than a month. Some trawlers’ owners also took their families on board, especially children and the young men who might be subject to round-up by the Germans.

At 1:00 a.m. on 5 October 1943, the trawlers embarked.

As we had agreed, I earlier had given orders to the captains to make an east-bound route out of the harbor and keep the course for two hours so as to get at least 12 miles from the coast, then to go towards the Tremiti so as to be in that neighborhood by broad daylight.

Everything went as planned; the trawlers sailed in no particular order, with lights off, and in complete silence yet at a distance where it was possible for us to see each other with the naked eye; nothing came to disturb the peace, nor were any ships sighted or did anything else happen that could make us deviate from our route.

At 10:00 a.m. on October 5 we were in view of the Tremiti islands. Considering we had already passed the danger zone, the vessels scattered; three of them, including the one on which I had embarked, headed for Manfredonia where they arrived at about 5 p.m., while the others made their way to the port of Termoli.

I learned later that the boats were not able to enter that port because battle was still raging and so they were forced to wait outside Vieste, while some others headed for the port of the Tremiti. However [in time] they all arrived happily and safely.

Towards the second half of October, I left on the trawler from Manfredonia to take food to the Tremiti Islands under the order of an A.M.G.O.T. American officer who sailed with us; after three days we returned to Manfredonia.

On 28th October 1943, Mr. Elio Tremaroli arrived at the port from San Benedetto del Tronto and told me that in Termoli the Allies were looking for a man who was an expert on the coast north of this port, [who would be] able to fulfill missions in the territory occupied by the Germans on behalf of “A Force”.

We set off for Termoli overland, but when we arrived there the English Command told me I had to return with the trawler.

We went back to Manfredonia, and on 2nd November I left for Termoli with the boat. We stayed there a few days with nothing to do and finally, tired of waiting, I took advantage of a fishing boat that was leaving for a mission to the north, and together with Mr. Tremaroli I embarked.

We landed near the river Tronto at night and from there I made my way to the mountain of the Ascension [Mount Ascensione], Ascoli Piceno, in the hope of finding groups of patriots from San Benedetto del Tronto.

In fact, I found the group under the orders of Capriotti Augusto (then aspiring to become an ensign) and from him I learnt that I was being actively sought by the fascists and the Germans concerning the escape of the boats. Therefore I decided to stay with the group, but since there were no orders to attack the Germans and as I was forced to stay in hiding all day—living like a cave-dweller—I decided to leave for the south.

On 6th December I left the group and, walking only by night and in the fields, on the 12th I came to the mouth of the river Tronto and hid nearby.

Having gotten in touch with resistant elements from Martinsicuro, on 22nd December 1943 I was able to leave on a trawler called “THREE BROTHERS” heading south and under fire from the Germans, who were aware of our escape.

On the morning of the 23rd we were in Termoli, and I immediately left again aboard the trawler “SAN NICOLA” for Manfredonia, to which most of the boats that had escaped from San Benedetto del Tronto had fled.

I reached Manfredonia on 24th December and, embarking on the “STELLA MARIS,” I left that town for Molfetta. On 5th January 1944 I decided to go to the Authorities of Regia Marina, but a strong bout of flu and bronchitis caused me to delay my turning up until 24th February 1944; I then went to the Naval Command of Bari and on the 25th they sent me to Taranto, where I presented myself to the Ministry of the Navy and I was taken into service.

San Benedetto del Tronto, 3rd August 1944
Ensign Giovanni Nebbia

In another post on this site, Nicola Lagalla recounted his and his brother Liberato’s role in transporting Captain J. H. Derek Millar and dozens of other escaped POWs down the Adriatic coast from San Benedetto del Tronto to Allied-held territory. It was an operation in which Giovanni Nebbia played a role. (See “Nicola and Liberato Lagalla—Rescue by Sea.”

It seems reasonable to assume that the boats used by the Lagalla brothers to transport former prisoners were two of the four that Captain Nebbia said remained in San Benedetto del Tronto after October 25—ships that left days later “in dribs and drabs.”

Nicola explained:

“My brother and I knew nothing of the prisoners until we were approached by Commander Nebbia—my nautical professor—and Mr. Antonio Marchegiani.

“Prior to their approaching us, my brother and I had already decided that we were going to escape [from San Benedetto del Tronto] with our boats within two days. The boats belonged to my nonno [grandfather] Emidio Lagalla.

“They were the only two boats left on the wharf—and due to be sunk by the Germans.

“When Nebbia and Marchegiani came to us, they asked what we were planning to do with the boats. We trusted them and so told them that we had planned to escape with them.

“Nebbia and Marchegiani told us that there were a lot of prisoners waiting to escape. It would be very risky, but would help the prisoners?”

Captain Nebbia and Marchegiani then arranged for the boarding of the prisoners, which the teenagers skippered to Termoli.

See also “Captain L. C. Giovanni Nebbia.”

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Giovanni Nebbia’s original document in Italian


A Rescue Mission Gone Awry

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Giovanni Nebbia with the football team he organized at his Marine School (Scuola di Avviamento Marinaro). The photo was taken in the year they won a championship. December 3, 1940.

In 2005, at a ceremony in Monte Urano Italy to honour Ken de Souza—a former POW and author of Escape from Ascoli, which Annelisa Nebbia translated from English into Italian—Annelisa shared an account of a rescue mission her father experienced that nearly ended in tragedy.

Annelisa’s speech is here translated into English:

“Missions to rescue escaping POWs from the Adriactic coast frequently failed due to the Italian captains’ lack of local knowledge, resulting in their being unable to find the exact point of the coastline where escapers were to be picked up.

“Allied Headquarters in Termoli asked Elio Tremaroli—who worked for them and crossed the lines [into enemy-occupied territory] continuously—if he knew somebody who was truly an expert on the Adriatic coast.

“Elio said, ‘I have the very man! No one knows the coast from Bari to Trieste better than Captain Giovanni Nebbia.’ Therefore Captain Lewis asked signor Tremaroli to bring the captain down to Termoli straightaway.

“Elio returned to San Benedetto del Tronto, collected Captain Nebbia, then took him back to Allied Headquarters in Termoli in a motorboat belonging to the Mascaretti family (Elio Tremaroli’s relatives); this boat had been requisitioned for war purposes. Once in Termoli they were given orders to sail up the coast towards Porto San Giorgio (to the mouth of the river Tenna) where a small party of people were to gather on the beach by midnight and signal their position with torches as soon as they saw the boat.

“Elio, Mr. Antinori, a boat engine expert, and Captain Nebbia went aboard the motorboat. A Greek captain called Vlasto was also asked to embark, together with four or five American sailors.

“When they were ready to set sail Captain Nebbia, who was able to detect weather changes by smelling the sea air, told Elio that in his opinion a terrible storm was imminent. The rough sea at Termoli would be very much worse in the middle of the Adriatic. He then asked Elio to inform Captain Vlasto that it would be better to postpone their departure. However, the Greek captain would not accept this advice and said, in no uncertain terms, that they had to sail.

“Captain Nebbia said to Elio, ‘He will see what sort of jig he will have to dance!’ And they set off.

“One hour later the vessel was being tossed about by the waves, with Captain Vlasto and the American sailors vomiting over both sides of the boat. Notwithstanding this, the stubborn man still insisted that they continue. Captain Nebbia said to Elio, ‘Go downstairs, take some grease, and spread it over your chest and shoulders!’

“Elio didn’t understand what he meant by this, so Captain Nebbia told him, ‘The grease will not save us but it will certainly prolong our lives for some hours. You see, the sea water is coming into the boat everywhere and in a few minutes will stop the engine. The boat will be uncontrollable and we will be thrown into the sea. So go downstairs and do what I suggest.’

“Elio went downstairs and when he came up on deck he brought some grease for the Captain to smear on.

“However due to Captain Nebbia’s great experience as a sailor they were saved; he managed to master the big waves until dead of night so they didn’t have ‘to swim.’ At dawn, when the sea was calmer, Elio asked the captain where he thought they were. He scanned the horizon and replied, ‘Can you see that small town in front of us? That’s Campomarino!’ which meant that after many hours of sailing they were still close to Termoli. They had lost their anchor because of the violent movement of the boat and the sea had nearly returned them to Termoli.

“Some years ago, agreeing with Elio’s wish to see Termoli again, I went there with him, his wife, and Professor Ruggero Ranieri. Walking along the quay and raising our eyes up to the hill above, we saw a big arch beyond which the Allied Headquarters used to be. Moved by the sight, Elio remarked that he had passed through it many times.

“As we walked through the town I noticed a club where sailors gather every afternoon to play cards and chat. I entered and made friends with some of them. When I spoke to them about the rescue mission which failed, two of them replied, ‘We were there on that morning and seeing those wrecked sailors coming to port we thought: These can’t be them, they must be their ghosts. They would have never been able to make it back!’

“And then they added that the lost anchor was still in the sea at the mouth of the river Biferno!”

See also “Captain L. C. Giovanni Nebbia” and “Operazione Nebbia.”



Story of Joseph E. Pojawis Shared

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Detail of Joe Pojawis’ military identification card, issued in July 1942 before his overseas departure

I received a note this past week from Wally McCollum of Maryland.

Wally has a family connection to American soldier Joseph Pojawis, who was interned at PG 59 January 23–September 14, 1943. In his note, Wally related how he and his wife discovered new information about Joe’s combat and POW experiences just one week ago (over the U.S. Memorial Day weekend):

“This past weekend at a family reunion I came into possession of a diary kept by my wife’s uncle Pvt. Joseph E. Pojawis, who served in a light mortar squad, Company A, 18th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division. He was captured on December 23, 1942 in the Battle of Tunisia. He was first taken to a POW camp in Sicily, but was transferred to Camp 59 in late January 1943. In addition to the diary I have ten letters he wrote while at the camp. He was among the mass escapees in September 1943. He eluded capture for several months, but was unable to get through the German lines to freedom. He linked up with Allied forces and was sent to the USA, where he was discharged in poor health in December 1944.

“He wrote the diary from memory while at Camp 59. It covers the period from his enlistment in January 1942 until his capture. He had vivid memories and wrote incredibly detailed accounts of his training in Scotland and the convoy to North Africa. His unit was in the first wave of Operation Torch and fought to Oran and at St. Cloud. His accounts of the fighting November 8–11, 1942 are meticulous. His letters are less informative, probably due to censorship.

“Joe married the sweetheart he sent letters to and lived until 1961. He died in Detroit, Michigan, and his remains were interred in his home town of Shamokin, Pennsylvania where his widow returned to after his death.

“Until the reunion after the death of his widow I had no idea that this diary existed.”

Wally provided me with this short biography of Joe Pojawis:

Joseph E. Pojawis

Joseph E. Pojawis was born May 29, 1918 in Shamokin, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. His parents were Leo and Annie Pojawis, immigrants from Poland who arrived in America in 1905.

Joseph enlisted on January 26, 1942 and was processed into the U.S. Army at New Cumberland, Pennsylvania. From there he went to Camp Wheeler, Georgia, for 13 weeks of training. On May 18, 1942 he left Camp Wheeler for Camp Blanding, Florida, where he drew his equipment. He spent ten days at Camp Blanding, then went by convoy to Fort Benning, Georgia, where he and his fellow soldiers lived in tents for about a month. They then boarded a train on June 21, 1942 for Indiantown Gap in Pennsylvania. While there he was able to get back home a few times, because it was only about 50 miles away. On August 1, 1942 he boarded a train for New York where the Queen Mary awaited to transport soldiers to an unknown destination. They left on August 2 with about 20 thousand men on board. They anchored in Greenock, Scotland, on August 8 and then went on to Tidworth, near Andover and Salisbury. Training resumed there and they took daily five mile hikes. One hike of about 25 miles was to Stonehenge. He had one three-day pass to London.

From Tidworth they moved to Rosenheath, Scotland, in September 1942 where they trained for a week with the Navy on Landing Craft Assault (LCA) boats. They then boarded the Reina del Pacifico and after two days at sea were transferred to an unnamed ship. From this ship they did night training on the LCAs in the vicinity of Dunoon, Scotland. In a place called Innelan they practiced “street fighting.” After leaving this ship they boarded a train for Glasgow and camped in the Pollack Shaws estate, where they trained and slept in tents for a month. They then boarded a ship crewed by Canadians called the HMS Etterick. They were on board for a month.

Aboard the HMS Etterick they learned that their destination was North Africa. Joseph was assigned to a light mortar squad, Company A, of the 18th Infantry Regiment in the First Infantry Division under General Terry Allen. They received many briefings on the mission and studied maps of their landing zone. They rendezvoused with a convoy from the USA. They passed the Straits of Gibraltar and entered the Mediterranean. For most of the day on November 7, 1942 they cruised unopposed. Local radio broadcasts indicated that the convoy was probably headed to Malta. That night at 11:00 they went over the side into the LCAs. They hit the beach unopposed and moved inland. The moved easily through St. Leonie, then met stiff opposition at Renan and St. Cloud. It took three days to take St. Cloud. Joseph’s company lost 13 men in the battle for St. Cloud, including their company commander, Captain Joseph Hill.

By November 11 an armistice had been signed. Joseph’s company moved on about 10 miles to a town called Demesne, where they stayed for two days. Then they were called to assist Company B which had run into resistance at a town called Perregeaux, which was not aware of the armistice. They continued to move into the mountains and engaged in the Battle of Tunisia. The fighting was fierce and the Germans had air superiority. The Germans pushed the Allied forces back. Joseph and four or five other men of the Second Mortar Squad dug in and were initially by-passed by the counter-attacking Germans. However, they were quickly found and forced to surrender about 10:30 on the morning of December 23, 1942.

They were marched at night to Tunis where they were interrogated. On Christmas day they boarded an Italian destroyer and were transported to Sicily where they were placed in POW Camp 98. Two British POWs died in camp. After 25 days they were put on trucks and transported to Palermo then by train to Messina. They then were taken by ferry to the Italian mainland and put in box cars for a three day trip to Camp 59. Enroute they passed through Naples and at Portia St. Georgia were transferred to an electric train. They arrived in Servigliano on January 23, 1943.

On arrival Joseph was assigned to Hut 2, bed #161. He later said he was well treated by the British prisoners in camp, who gave him cigarettes, socks, and underwear. While he was in the camp from January until September 1943 he wrote letters home to his sweetheart, Sophie Smallets, of Paxinos, Pennsylvania. He was allowed two single-page letters a month. Joseph expressed optimism about his health and the future, but he was always concerned about not getting timely responses.

On September 14, 1943 there was a mass escape from Camp 59. Joseph eluded capture from that date until July 2, 1944 when he encountered a patrol from the British 8th Army. He was taken to Foggia Army Airfield and flown to Oran, North Africa. From there he was taken by boat to Boston, Massachusetts, where he arrived on August 2, 1944. He was in very poor health and was assigned to a training battalion where he served until his discharge on December 2, 1944.

Apparently while he was eluding capture, he was assisted by an Italian family in the town of Penna San Giovanni. In a letter to Joseph dated August 22, 1946 a woman named Yolanda relayed the Tussici family’s best wishes and ongoing concern about his well-being. She asked for a quick reply. We do not know if Joseph replied.

Joseph married Sophie Smallets in Paxinos, Pennsylvania, and they moved to Detroit, Michigan. He died there in 1961 at the young age of 43. Aside from a stillborn daughter, Joseph and Sophie had no children. Joseph’s remains were returned to Paxinos for burial and his widow moved back home where she re-married and had children. She survived her second husband by many years and lived on a farm with her widowed sister.

When the sister died in early 2015 a box of Sophie’s memorabilia was found in her house and was shared at a family reunion just one week ago, on Memorial Day weekend. Among the photos and personal documents were Joseph’s War Department identification card, his service record, his discharge paper, 10 letters from Camp 59, and a detailed diary of his military experiences from his enlistment until his arrival at Camp 59.

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Joe and Sophie Pojawis at home in Detroit, 1949

Joe sent the following postcard and letter from Camp 59 to his fiancée Sophie Smallets:

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28-1-43 [January 28, 1943]

Dear “Sophie”:-

Got a chance to write you a line. I am now a prisoner of war in the hands of the “Italians,” and well and in best of health. Please don’t worry, okay? I know you will be surprised, and am sorry it happened that way. Only allowed to write 1 letter and card a week. So I wrote my mother a letter for stuff. Will write soon. Please write. Love “Joe.”

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Feb. 1, 1943.

Dear “Sophie”:-

Writing you a letter this time instead of a card. I hope you received the card, if not well I am now a prisoner of war in the hands of the Italians. And I’m well and in the best of health, don’t worry. I hope my mother and father don’t take it too hard, and I know your very much surprised too. But it couldn’t be helped. And I couldn’t write sooner. And it’s a long time since I heard from you. And I sure miss you, more than ever. I hope this thing is over pretty soon.

“Darling” since I’m in the Army I never asked you to send me anything. Well now I am which I hate to do. But I can use almost anything right now, especially food, so I want you to send me a box of candy bars, Hersheys, or any kind and cigarettes, if that isn’t too much. And listen go to a wholesale dealer and tell them who it’s for. I believe they will send it, and much cheaper. But first go to the American Red Cross, and find out how to send the stuff. And how much you can get. Get all the information from them. I sent my mother a letter last week for a package of food you know canned stuff and different things. “Darling” tell her to send me packages as often as they allow her to. Also tell her to send me a package of candy bars and cigarettes, besides the food package. It does a long time for it to get here. And I sure can use them. And I hope I get one soon. And I’m only allowed to write one letter and one card a week. But please write too. And tell my mother to send all she can. For I can use it, anything, especially peanut-butter and Ritz crackers and jam even cocoa and condensed milk. Well, “Darling” closing now till I hear from you, and I hope its soon. I sure do miss you a lot. Good-bye and don’t worry. Love and kisses “Joe.” P.S. Don’t forget information from Red Cross.


On the Trail of L/Sgt John Henry Jewell

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Lance Sergeant John Henry Jewell, Service Number 5495162, of the Royal Hampshire Regiment

I received a note a few days ago from Jackie Keenan of the village of Whittlesford in Cambridge, England.

She and her sister, Margaret, have been attempting to trace the details of their father’s wartime experience.

“Our father, John Henry Jewell, was taken prisoner in North Africa on 3rd December 1942,” Jackie explained.

“I have been through [accounts of] other prisoners taken in the same battle, on the same day, from the same regiment and it would appear that they were taken to Camp 98 in Sicily on 5th December where they stayed until being moved on 31st December to Camp 66 at Capua. On 2nd March 1943 they were moved on again to Servigliano where they remained until 14th September 1943.

“After the POWs escaped from Servigliano, my father was reported missing until being traced as a prisoner in Stalag 7 in Moosburg.” His prisoner number there was 130605.

Jackie explained that as their parents died many years ago and today there are no family members living whom she and Margaret can question about their father’s past, their only hope of learning more is through their own research.

“We have just returned from Fermo and Servigliano. We found the people in this area so helpful and friendly. We talked with Giuseppe Millozzi and were taken to Casa della Memoria at the old railway station.

“We have a letter that was sent to my father 70 years ago, a copy of which I have attached. I am afraid it does not give a great deal of information. It is possible that Nelly Cifani helped my father, as I know many of the people around Servigliano put their own lives at risk to help the prisoners.

“We went to the archives in the Town Hall in Fermo where they tried to find Nelly Cifani in their records but with no success.

“My sister, who is ‘little Margaret’ in the letter, was only a few months old when dad left and she was almost 6 years old when he came home. I wasn’t born until after the war.

“I would be very grateful for any help, advise or contacts you could give me to try and find exactly what happened to our father in those missing months.”

If anyone who reads this post is able to contribute to Jackie and Margaret’s search, I would be pleased to hear from them (hilld@iu.edu).

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The Christmas greeting from Nelly Cifani reads:

Natale 1946

I beg little Margaret to give my kind regards to her dear parents and to accept my best wishes for a happy Christmas. A thousand kisses.

Cordially yours
Nelly Cefani
ITALIA – Fermo – Corso Cavour 33


Brian Sims—A Tribute

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Brian Sims oversaw the dedication of this memorial plaque and a commemorative tree planted in the National Memorial Arboretum several years ago.

My first connection with researcher Brian Sims was on June 2, 2013.

In an earlier post on this site I had speculated on the presence of New Zealanders in PG 59, to which Brian responded with this short note:

“There were a very small number of New Zealanders in PG 59—2 in March 1942—3 in May 1942—and only one up to December 1942. None are recorded for 1943.

“The information comes from my database of Red Cross reports copied in the UK National Archives. —Brian Sims”

Thus began a rich two-year correspondence with Brian during which he introduced me to or shed additional light on many aspects the POW experience including:

  • The SS Brandenburg Division operations in Italy
  • I.S.9 rescue operations along the Adriatic coast
  • Recommendations put forward by British and American officers for honors and awards to Italian helpers
  • British Special Investigation Branch (SIB) inquiries into the murder of escaped prisoners
  • POW escapes into Switzerland
  • Sam Derry, Monsignor Hugh O’Flaherty, and the Rome Rescue Organization

Brian’s research into the POW situation in Italy went back 23 years, to the time of his retirement from a career in mining. What began as a quest for information on his father—a British POW who drowned when an Italian ship on which he was being transported was sunk in the Mediterranean—quickly became a calling to learn all that he could about Allied POWs in Italy, and to make that information available to others.


Brian’s Father

“My father was T/221204 Driver W. H. Sims,” Brian told me. “He was conscripted after the fall of France in 1940.

“As a lorry driver, all he had to do was to learn the ‘Army Way’ and was shipped out from Liverpool in February 1941 for the Middle East with the 5th Reserve M/T Coy, later redesignated as 97 Coy R.A.S.C.

“From what I have pieced together Dad was in the Canal Area, Lebanon, Syria, and back to Egypt in 1942, then Libya building up the huge supply dumps at Tobruk. He seems to have been captured in mid-June 1942. The last documented sighting of him was made around 7/6/42 [June 7, 1942] by one of the company sergeants. He gives the names of those who were with him at the time and the vehicle number.

“That is all I have been able to find in the past 20+ years. I do know he was in the POW camp at Sidi Hussein, on the eastern side of Benghazi, which is well documented in war crimes files.

“Then came the day when the dreaded telegram came saying my father had died as a POW 26/10–14/11/42 [between October 26 and November 14, 1942]. This is all we knew until a former comrade made a visit to my grandparents, telling them my father had died on a ship taking him to Italy from Libya when it had been sunk by an ‘American’ submarine. Later I found out that it was Italian propaganda and the submarine was British.

“The circumstances of my father’s death were still a mystery until 1992, when I approached my M.P. [Member of Parliament] for his help after getting letters of denial from the M.O.D. [Ministry of Defense] for three years.

“The answer came as a shock, as it appears the information had been available since early 1944. Only the most persistent families had been given the briefest of details.

“I advertised on TV Channel 4’s ‘Service Pals’ pages and was approached by a professional researcher.”

He obtained about 20 pages of documents where the camp at Benghazi and the sinking of the ship (SS Scillin) had been described by survivors.

“This was my first knowledge of The National Archives.

“I later found 6 of the 27 survivors through BBC Radio chat programs and when the Daily Mail published the previously untold story of the 787 men lost in the sinking. I also did a recorded interview for the History Channel.

“As said earlier, the Daily Mail and a few others of The National Press printed the story of my research. This was in 1996. My telephone never stopped ringing for over two years.

“[In 1995] the Commonwealth War Graves Commission were unaware of the sinkings. A year later all the 2,000 or so POW who had died at sea had their memorial corrected where necessary.

“There was one survivor from the Scillin and two from the Ariosto. Along with relatives of casualties [at the memorial service] we filled the chapel to capacity.

“Historical data from the period tells without doubt that we knew the ships were carrying POW. We knew the course, speed, route to be taken, and timings along the route. Ultra Intelligence gave us as much information about these ships movements as the Italians had.

“From the R.N. Submarine’s logs it is very clear that they were signalled to patrol on a certain course. They then of course intercepted the ships.

“We knowingly attacked Italian ships carrying Allied POW.

“The P212 which sank the Scillin was the only submarine that picked up POW survivors as there was only a ‘distant’ escort. Of the 814 POW aboard the ship only 27 survived. One died of wounds received in Normandy 1944. Of the 26 others, I made contact with and met six.

The research on POW lost at sea was completed several years ago, but I continued gathering POW data right up to the present time. S.O.E. [Special Operations Executive operations] comes into the picture from time to time, but the main efforts are now in gathering liberated POW reports which in many cases are extremely informative.

“My research has covered everything related to POW. The camps and crimes committed [against prisoners]. Escape, evasion, liberation, and Red X reports are a constant source of information regarding camp life.

Some of my research into the POW losses is in the Imperial War Museum and the archives of the Honourable Artillery Company. Most regiments who lost men at sea have contributions in their archives.

Earlier Life

“As I was born in January 1938, I still remember the shortages due to restrictions on imported food.

“[During the war] my mother and I moved in with my grandparents who lived just five minutes walk from where my Mother was employed making ammunition at a factory called ‘Barringers’.

“Even with wartime rationing grandad was a good provider who kept a few pigs and hens. There was a great deal of exchanging of bacon, eggs, etc., for such things as sugar, tea, butter as I vaguely remember.

“What has to be remembered also is that Britain in 1945 was virtually bankrupt. Food rationing continued for some years post war. It is only five years ago that we finished paying our ‘lend lease’ debts to the USA.

“The community I grew up in you passed on anything that was of use to others.

“I remember well my mother passing on clothes or boots I had grown out of to a family who lived a few yards away. That was during WW2 when everything including clothes were tightly rationed. It was just the thing to do.

“Later this continued with my mining colleagues, where we would share our last shilling. Nothing was too much trouble.”

Brian worked for 35 years in mining.

“I started at the bottom and worked through the ranks until I finally had 250 men working for me. The days went very quickly as they do when you have the answers for any problems that crop up. Quite rewarding but not as much as being able to solve mysteries that are almost 70 years old.

I told Brian I found this dedication to research in retirement to be an inspiration. Another example, I said, is Keith Killby, who established Monte San Martino Trust after retirement from his family’s retail business.

It was a comparison what pleased Brian, who responded. “I met Keith Killby once at his London home. He came over as someone ‘special’ during our brief meeting.

“Doesn’t pay to wish time on Dennis, does it? I enjoyed my job greatly, as like research—every day brought a fresh challenge.

“Yet in the past 20+ years time has just flown by, but I do consider the experience has been very rewarding. Thinking back I wondered how time was ever found for anything else.

Research at the National Archives

“Access to the UK Archives is very easy,” Brian told me.

“All you need would perhaps be a passport and something such as a utility bill to prove your identity and address. You go into the entrance, up to the 2nd floor and present your documents. Within 10–15 minutes you will have a reader’s card which lasts 2–3 years. With this you can access the readers’ room and order original documents. You are allocated a desk to work at and can reserve documents for the following days.

“It would be a total waste of time just turning up and hoping to find what you need. Perhaps with a lot of advice and many hours browsing online through the various classes of documents you would have half a chance of finding what you need. The descriptions given in the online catalogue can be misleading or incomplete at times. An obscurely worded search can bring in surprising results if you are lucky.

“Just same as any other aspects of life it is experience that matters; and of course tenacity if the subject borders on the controversial.

Brian’s information gathering became accelerated after digital cameras were allowed for copying.

“In the past few years several double-sided tables have been made available with eight camera stands on each. Must be in the region of ten tables. The latest improvements have been daylight-balanced lighting which helps a great deal.

“Living 150 miles north of the National Archives, in Nottinghamshire, means that our visits have to be made at selected times during low demand for accommodation. When copying files with standard-sized pages we usually manage in the region of 4,000–5,000 pages each day working about six hours.

“That is only achieved by using a system that has been developed over the past few years.

“In my early working days the majority of my ‘workmates’ had served in various arms of the forces, so a great deal was learnt from them. A few had also been POWs.

“[My wife] Shelagh has been very supportive regarding my research over the years and understands the need.

“The only problem with war crimes files is that they can be repetitious and not in date sequence. At times they do leave you wondering about the final outcome.

“I do not just copy documents, but I also understand the circumstances in which they were made.

“Many thousands of hours have been spent getting a full understanding of various classes of documents and their descriptions, along with the peculiarities of file descriptions.

For example, in one note to Brian I asked, “I’m looking through the Italian agent recruits papers more closely. What do you imagine the employment capacity of ‘liaison discipline’ would mean for Ezio Terrizzano?”

He responded, “As we know ‘A Force’ were very informal with their terminology. The abbreviations will in many cases be ‘homemade’. Should imagine it helps with security and does not give too much away with MI6, etc. Always a little ‘political intrigue’ amongst various intelligence agencies.

“In this case Ezio Terizzano was probably in charge of the collection of escapees into some form of order for their final movements through the lines—probably doing the job of coordination between the two sets of agents, those who hunt around collecting POW and escorting them to one spot ready for guides to take them through the lines.

“Escapers = ELKS. Helpers = FORKS. Places of readiness where ELKS were taken by FORKS for passing on = FORKERIES. (Ezio) GUIDES, as read.”

In another case where Brian was able to share a rare bit of information, I remarked he had certainly come up with the “needle in the haystack.”

“I specialise in ‘needles in a haystack’as that was what I learned in the first few years of my research,” he replied. “Never take anything for granted and don’t always take the direct route.

“Time has always been made to do jobs for those less fortunate than myself, and cannot visit the archives either because of the costs involved or their geographical location.

“It is extremely rewarding when you are able to give a family information they have wanted for years.

“What is easy for one can be very difficult for others.”

Years of Experience

“There are also many memorable experiences,” Brian told me. “In the 90s I did a lot of after dinner speaking; usually at regimental association dinners.

“In 1997 when in Egypt travelling the coastal battlefields, a party of 40 or so Germans turned up at Mersa Matruh.

“They told me that they had tried to get into Libya but couldn’t obtain visas.

“The next day at Halfaya Cemetery there was a Libyan tour company with a group of British tourists. After a short conversation they gave me brochures and business cards with an assurance that visas could be obtained for German passport holders.

“After dinner on my return to Mersa Matruh the whole situation was explained.

“The evening turned into a very ‘liquid’ one.

“What other Englishman has shared too many beers overlooking the bay at Mersa Matruh in the company of two of Rommel’s staff officers?

“I was very fortunate in the early 1990s to be a guest at several Stalag IVB reunions. I spoke at regimental annual dinners given by many associations and was made honorary member of quite a few.

“I was a guest on BBC Radio Nottingham on three occasions in the 1990s. The program was a phone-in where listeners participated with little snippets of their own.

“I have travelled quite a few time to Tunisia myself and always rented a car to make forays to places of interest, including Kasserine Pass. The most memorable was in November 1998 when with the help of a Tunisian government minister I sailed from the Port of Mahdia to pass over the wreck of the Scillin (the ship Dad died on). I had been asked by the family of a man who had survived the sinking, but died months previously if it could be arranged for his ashes to be scattered over the wreck.

“The whole process took six months to arrange but the Tunisians eventually pulled out all the stops. We were accompanied by ‘Chef de Maritime’ and had a motor gunboat as escort.

“On the return to port we passed over the wreck of the Ariosto (15/2/42) and laid another wreath to the POW lost on her.

“My work on 8th Army casualties was acknowledged in 2002 when an invitation came to attend the 60th anniversary of El Alamein service at Westminster Abbey. I was there in recognition of my work on POW losses at sea, and the 2,000 or so changes to the registers for the memorial at El Alamein. These were made after my protests regarding their inaccuracies.

“It came as quite a surprise when at the end of the service along with 24 others I was presented to the Royal Family.

The Royals Brian met on that occasion were the Queen, Duke of Edinburgh, Duke and Duchess of Kent, The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester and Princess Anne.

“The most interesting to talk to and the most informed was Princess Anne. In the long conversation we had she came over as a very caring person.

“This work has given me a great many friends. Sadly, most of the veterans are no longer with us.

Brian was pleased that information on the Italian sacrifices was reaching today’s Italians. “I am sure the Italians would welcome a written account of what was happening in those dark days,” he wrote. “Between us we will hopefully be able to show a little more of the help given by the Italian villagers. I will do my best as it was a very important time in history for all of us. Anything to create a better understanding of that period. The information I would think would do just that.”

In commenting on one post, he wrote, “Dennis, though the story is very tragic it shows the sacrifice some Italians made.”

Regarding another post, he commented, “What ‘Handful of Flour’ tells me is that the peasants gave what they really couldn’t afford to. [See ‘A Symbol of the True Italy‘.] While such people as businessmen gave several thousand lire without too much ill effect on their everyday life. [The significance is] not what is given but the cost to those who gave.”

Aside from our communications about POW research, I occasionally received glimpses into Brian’s family life through his e-mails: love of home, time spent with friends and family—including beloved grandchildren, Shelagh’s companionship and delicious holiday dinners.

And, finally, in Brian’s notes there were from time to time reminders of his declining health.

Early this year, Brian commented on his lengthy medical treatment. “The staff at all the clinics I have visited are very friendly and most efficient.

“Many times when going down the hospital’s main corridor I get the greeting ‘Hello, Brian’ from a member of staff. This in many cases leaves me wondering where we have met, but I have been quite a regular patient for very close to three years now.”

Word of Brian’s death came to me on June 23 from Trevor Smallman, a mutual friend who had been in communication with Shelagh about Brian during the last few weeks of his illness.

I will remember Brian as kind, generous, and ever eager to help me. I will miss him, and I am pleased that he will have important presence on this site for as long as it exists.

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This National Memorial Archive plaque reflects Brian’s signature research:

In memory of the 2000 plus British and Commonwealth Forces who died at sea as P.O.W. 1941–42

Jason – 9 December 1941
Ariosto – 15 February 1942
Tembien – 27 February 1942
Nino Bixio – 17 August 1942
Loreto – 13 October 1942
Scillin – 14 November 1942

Sacrificed


Parisse Leoni—Italian Protector

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I received a note from Michelle Leoni Hazelton of Monongahela, Pennsylvania, this week.

She referenced the name of her great grandfather, Orlando Leoni, in the “Clifford Houben’s Address List” post on this site.

Orlando Leoni’s name appears on one page of the list, and eleven pages later there is a seemingly unrelated reference to two locations:

MONONGHLA, Penn.
R.I. ACQUARTA, IT.

Above these place names is penned “BRO.”

“MONONGHLA, Penn.” is evidently a reference to Monongahela, Pennsylvania, and “ACQUARTA, IT.” seems to reference the Italian comune of Arquata del Tronto.

My guess is that “BRO” is Clifford’s abbreviation for brother. All this was confirmed by what what Michelle shared with me.

In her email, Michelle wrote, “I am the great granddaughter of Orlando Leoni. He was mentioned in Clifford Houben’s list of addresses. There was also another entry ‘R.I. Arquata.’ I believe this may have been his brother, Parisse Leoni, who resided with his wife and roughly eight children in Faete, Arquata del Tronto, Italy.

“Orlando came to America and became a citizen around 1920 but traveled home often to support his family. In America, Orlando resided in Monongahela, Pennsylvania.

“I am trying to learn more about Parisse Leoni and any other relatives that remained in Italy. If you have any further information it would be most appreciated.”

Here is the text of a newspaper article Michelle sent me that describes Parisse’s activities during WW II:

Separated for 50 Years, Brother, Sister Reunited

By Jane Robinson
The Daily Republican (Monongahela, Pennsylvania) – Herald-American (Donora, Pennsylvania) Wednesday, August 19, 1970

“I’m so happy…I thought I’d never see my brother again,” said Mrs. Dominick Varone, now 74, with visible emotion.

After all, fifty years is a long time to wait.

The reunion of brother and sister took place just last week when Mrs. Varone’s brother, Parisse Leoni, 65, arrived in this country from his native Italy. The two had parted in November, 1920, when Mrs. Verone, then Benedetta Leoni, had left Italy for America at the age of 24. Her brother, who accompanied her to the bus but in the confusion never managed to say a final good-bye, was 15 at the time.

She arrived in America in December, sponsored by her brother, Orlando Leo [sic] of RD 1, Bentleyville, and within the next year was married to Dominick Varone. Her brother, Parisse, married too. He has lived and raised his family in the village of Faete, in the same house where he and Benedetta and all the children were born.

Orlando had made a trip to Italy in 1930 and had seen Parisse, then, but Mrs. Varone never expected to be reunited with her brother.

Arrangements for bringing Mr. Leoni to the U.S. were extensive and time-consuming, but Mrs. Verone was not aware of the efforts. A son and daughter, Tony of RD 1, Bentleyville, and Janet Varone, now of Miami, Fla. had planned a three-week trip together, and told their mother “just maybe” they would be able to bring her brother back with them.

An Anniversary Present

Actually, “it was a little scene we cooked up,” Miss Varone explained, “to celebrate mother’s anniversary a year early.” Her parents, she noted, will observe their 50th wedding anniversary Aug. 10, 1971.

A visa for Mr. Leoni proved difficult to obtain, but through the efforts of Miss Varone’s congressman in Florida, one was secured on Aug. 3—only a few days before the travellers were scheduled to leave Italy and return to America.

They flew back to Boston, transferred to Pittsburgh, and were met at the Pittsburgh Airport by Tony’s wife and 18-month-old daughter, and Vincent Varone of Bell Vernon, another son of Mr. and Mrs. Varone.

Mrs. Varone did not know her brother was in this country until he arrived at the doorstep of the Varones’ RD 1, Bentleyville farm.

“No,” brother and sister both said in accord, “we would not have known each other.” If the excitement of the family had not revealed the surprise, they admitted they would have needed a short talk to recognize each other.

Mr. Leoni, whose niece, Miss Varone, acts as an interpreter, is plainly overwhelmed at this unexpected opportunity to be reunited with his sister again and to visit the U.S.A. “I can’t believe it’s true.”

In fact, his incredulity is doubly derived. When he left his village, for his first airplane flight, he requested especially to sit by the window so that he might see the water beneath him. To his dismay, the plane flew above the clouds for the entire transatlantic flight.

“I still can’t believe I’m here,” he said, “I never caught a glimpse of the ocean.”

“It was so smooth, it felt like riding a bus,” he exclaimed.

World War II Efforts

Although on his first trip to the U.S., Mr. Leoni is by no means a stranger to Americans. He proudly displays certificates of thanks from the American government and the British Commonwealth governments for his partisan support in aiding their men to escape the enemy during World War II.

The certificates, one signed by Joseph T. McNarmey, U.S. Commanding General in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations, and the other by Field Marshall H. R. Alexander, Supreme Allied Commander of the Mediterranean Theatre, read:

This certificate is awarded to Leoni, Parisse as a token of gratitude for and in appreciation of the help given to the soldiers and sailors of the United States … British Commonwealth of Nations … which enabled them to escape from or evade capture by the enemy.
1942–5.

Mr. Leoni described in some detail his activities in his village which took place mainly between September, 1942, and June, 1943, when the Allies liberated the area, he said.

Faete, his village of about 50 people, very near to Arquata del Tronto, is located in the Italian mountains northeast of Rome. The nearest large town is Ascoli Picento [sic]. The location made his home a convenient stop for British and American soldiers and sailors on their way south to Cassino.

The military men, usually downed flyers or escapees from concentration camps, he would hide, he explained, in the stables or the wine cellar in the basement. “When the Fascists or the Germans would come,” Leoni said, “I would invite them inside, give them drinks and food. I was so friendly they came to think of me almost as an informer.”

“If I had the prisoners hidden in the wine cellar, I’d show them the stables, and if they were in the stables, I’d take them to the cellar.”

It was dangerous business, especially for a father of seven, with his wife expecting an eighth. And Mr. Leoni was well aware of the risk. He recalled how his wife’s sister in a nearby village had been shot, holding two babies in her arms, for hiding prisoners.

The people of Leoni’s village knew of his activity and many expressed their fears to him and urged him to stop hiding the prisoners. They knew that the entire village would be burned if Leoni’s activities were discovered.

He continued hiding them, however, and when they could safely leave, he would take them through the mountains, carrying their packs on his mule and direct them to Cassino.

“I told the villagers it was only a matter of time,” he said. And he kept on until the liberation.

Returns September 18

Mr. Leoni will leave the U.S. on Sept. 18 after his long-awaited reunion with his sister, and visits here with his brother, Orlandi, and his nieces and nephews.

Another reunion will be in store for him on his trip home—he has planned a stopover in Paris to visit a son who lives there. Originally the Paris stop had been scheduled on route to America, but Leoni learned that his son, ironically, was leaving then for Italy and a trip home.

Photo caption: “Parisse Leoni and sister, Mrs. Dominick Varone”

parisse-leoni-article_r72


Robert E. Dulac—Fyrtle Myrtle Crash Survivor

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Researcher Janet Dethick kindly shared information she discovered concerning Robert Dulac, one of the survivors of the crash of the American B-24 bomber known as the Fyrtle Myrtle on July 16, 1943.

See “B-24 Bomber Fyrtle Myrtle Discovered.”

In the official Missing Air Crew Report, Staff Sergeant Edward Dzierzynski shared this information about the survivors:

“S/Sgt. R.E. Dulac—at a hospital in Potenza, Italy—was badly injured about the eyes – head. S/Sgt. C. F. Johnson at Potenza, Italy. We there boarded the same train for P.O.W. camp. Johnson was in good condition.”

Edward Dzierzynski and Cyrus Johnson were interned at P.G. 59 Servigliano. Robert Dulac, because of his serious injuries, was treated at a military hospital in Perugia.

Here is what Janet had to share regarding Robert:

“I thought you would be interested to know that Robert E. Dulac, the third survivor of the USAAF 376 bomb Group crash featured on your website, was at some stage admitted to Perugia Military Hospital from where on 6 October 1943 he was transferred to Perugia gaol. On 15 October he was transferred to Campo PG77 at Pissignano (Campello sul Clitunno) along with several other servicemen who had also been in hospital with him and it was from there that he would have been transferred to Stalag Luft III.”

The U.S. National Archives online POW database indicates Robert was repatriated/liberated from “Stalag Luft 3 Sagan-Silesia Bavaria (Moved to Nuremberg-Langwasser) 49-11.”

“I have attached the entry from the Perugia gaol register and the transfer form which shows him leaving the gaol,” Janet explained. “Unfortunately I didn’t photograph the whole sheet on which the name ‘Campo at Spoleto’ could be read. The next group of men to be dismissed from the gaol were sent to Pissignano and in fact the camp was one and the same—Pissignano is near to Spoleto.”

I asked Janet why the release order refers to Robert as “Dulac Roberto di Francesco.”

She replied, “At that time Italians always identified people in any official document or capacity by giving their father’s name, hence we can only assume that his father was called Francis.”

A September 4, 1943 report on inspection of prisoners of war at the Perugia military hospital, which Janet accessed at the British National Archives, contains information on conditions there:

The number of prisoners being treated at Perugia Military Hospital at that time were 41 (one British air force officer, 38 British non-commissioned officers and men, and two American non-commissioned officers and men; of the 40 non-commissioned officers and men, 39 were from the army and one from the air force).

“Prisoners are in two hospitals: the Hospital S. Giuliano and the Hospital Monteluce, the later being reserved for tubercular and infectious cases.

“The prisoners come from several camps (54 – 122 – 115 – 77) There are besides prisoners from the French Foreign Legion, Giraudists and Croats. All the prisoners are together without distinction of nationality.

“The treatment of the prisoners is very good in this hospital. They told us this in the presence of the Italian doctor who is attached to their section. The latter, whose whole career has been in London, looks after them very well. The general complaint has been the lack of Red Cross parcels. It seems the camps to which the prisoners were attached do not forward parcels and cigarettes from the Red Cross. The same applies to letter forms and cards, the Italian cigarette ration and pay. We are forced to say that the system by which prisoners depend entirely upon a camp in which they may never have been is bad. These defects are naturally accentuated at the moment by the difficulties of communication. It would be better if the hospital might have in this respect an autonomous administration.

“In consequence of the general drought the town of Perugia is short of water and the hospital suffers from the effects. But this seasonal state of affairs will soon pass.

“The Mixed Medical Commission has examined the sick, of whom several have been passed for repatriation.

“The prisoners have pointed out that about a dozen battle dresses [combat uniforms] are needed as a certain number of them have come from other hospitals and have never passed through a base camp where they would have received their equipment.

“What the prisoners need are books and games. They would be very grateful if the Red Cross could send these.

“These two hospitals, which are under one director, made a good impression on us. The defects mentioned are due to lack of administration and we shall make the necessary representations.”

Staff Sergeant Dulac is specifically mentioned in the report as one of four prisoners who “are without news of their families.”

I am very grateful to Janet for access to this information.


Robert Dulac—Rescued by a Child

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Michele Potenza was 13 years old when he witnessed the downing of an American bomber from the skies over his village of Pietragalla, Italy. It was a memory impressed in his mind for life (see “Lost Airmen Remembered in Pietragalla.”)

Yesterday I learned from Michele of another child who was drawn into this disturbing event.

Vitangelo Di Fino was a boy of 12 when the plane came down, and he was the first on the ground to reach Robert Dulac. He quickly rendered emergency first aid when he saw that Robert was bleeding.

I asked Michele if he knew whether Robert had suffered head injuries or even had been blinded. Fellow crew member Edward Dzierzynski later noted in the official Missing Air Crew Report that Robert “was seriously injured around the eyes – head” by the crash.

Michele responded:

No, non era cieco. A causa del bail out, nel cadere a terra, si è fratturato il malleolo.

No, [DULAC] was not blinded, [but] due to the bail out, in the fall to the ground he broke his ankle.

Il teste DE FINO Vitangelo, in un’intervista che io ho registrato e che vedro’ anche di mandarti, racconta di aver trovato DULAC a terra, con il malleolo rotto da cui sgorgava molto sangue. DE FINO non dice niente sulle ferite alla testa ed agli occhi: come ripeto egli si preoccupo’ solo di evitare che DULAC potesse morire per emorragia e per questo,non avendo niente di specifico appresso (garze, fasce, disinfettante, cerotti, ecc.), con la sua maglietta fasciò la rottura e consegno’ DULAC ad altri che lo accompagnarono all’Ospedale di POTENZA.

The witness, Vitangelo DE FINO, in an interview that I recorded and I will see that send to you, said he found DULAC on the ground with a broken ankle from which flowed much blood. DE FINO said nothing of wounds to the head and eyes. I repeat, he worried only about preventing DULAC from bleeding to death and for that, not having relevant supplies (gauzes, strips, disinfectant, bandages, etc.), he bandaged the wound with his shirt and delivered DULAC and his companions to Potenza Hospital.

Vitangelo racconta: ‘mi sono avvicinato a DULAC ed ho visto subito che perdeva sangue dal malleolo di una gamba. Non avevo niente per fasciargli la ferita. Allora mi sono tolto la maglietta bianca che avevo addosso (che portava incisa la lettera M, iniziale di Mussolini!!!) e ho fasciato ben bene la ferita, sino ad arrestare la fuoriuscita del sangue. Mentre compivo l’intervento, DULAC mi ha messo una mano sulla mia testa e mi ha detto in inglese: HELP, HELP!!’

Vitangelo explained: ‘I approached DULAC and saw right away that he was bleeding from the ankle of one leg. I had nothing to bandage the injury. Then I took off the white T-shirt I was wearing—on which was printed the letter M, the initial of Mussolini!!!—and I bandaged the wound well, until the flow of blood ceased. While I performed this intervention, DULAC put a hand on my head and said in English, HELP, HELP!!’

Vitangelo è ancora in vita,pur avendo raggiunto la veneranda eta’ di 84 anni e per il suo gesto eroico, quando ritorno’ al campo senza la maglietta, il comandante lo aggredi’ con schiaffi e calci,rimproverandolo di aver, con il suo atto,aiutato un nemico. Il comandante era difatti un fanatico fascista, di cui Vitangelo ricorda ancora, molto lucidamente, il suo carattere arrogante, borioso e prepotente!

Vitangelo is still living, having reached the ripe old age of 84 years, and for his heroic deed, when he returned to the camp without his shirt, the commander attacked him with slaps and kicks, reproaching him for having, through his actions, helped an enemy. The commander was in fact a fanatical fascist, whom Vitangelo still remembers very clearly—his character was arrogant, conceited, and domineering!

Michele directed me to an online article about Vitangelo Di Fino’s childhood experience of war (Giornale Lucano, November–December 2011). Michele explains:

Troverai riportata la storia di Vitangelo DI FINO che all’eta’ di 12 anni, orfano di padre e madre, si trovava al campo DUX di Pietragalla ed il 16 luglio 1943 offri’ spontaneamente aiuto a Robert DULAC. Nello stesso articolo troverai anche tre belle fotografie di Vitangelo: la prima su una spiaggia, la seconda su di un albero da frutta e la terza lo ritrae così come è oggi.

You will find in this article the story of Vitangelo DI FINO, who at the age of 12 had lost his father and mother and was attending Campo DUX of Pietragalla [an Italian fascist youth camp] on 16 July 1943 when he spontaneously came to the aid of Robert DULAC. In the same article you’ll find three beautiful photographs of Vitangelo: the first on the beach, the second in a fruit tree and the third showing him as he is today.

Here is a link to the Giornale Lucano article:

Vitangelo, il bimbo che sopravvisse alla guerra” (in English, “Vitangelo, the child who survived the war”).

See also yesterday’s post, “Robert E. Dulac—Fyrtle Myrtle Crash Survivor.”


“Don Carlo”—The Unknown Hero

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I.S.9 agent, partisan leader, and Catholic priest Don Domenico Orlandini “Don Carlo” in the uniform of a military chaplain of the Italian Army, 1945

Several posts on this site concern Italians who, during the war, served as agents for I.S.9 (Intelligence School 9)—also known as “A” Force.

I.S.9′s chief mission was support and rescue of escaped POWs and evaders (E&Es) stranded behind enemy lines. I.S.9 was a division of M.I.9 (British Directorate of Military Intelligence, Section 9), a department of the War Office during WW II.

Last year researcher Brian Sims sent me a series of I.S.9 agent files from the British National Archives. Among the files, Don Domenico Orlandini’s lacks details contained in many of the others—parents, birthplace and residence, educational background, and so on. It does identify him as a priest, and offers this colorful description: “Fair. Medium build. Eyes deep-set. Very active & alert. High-pitched voice. (Smokes, drinks, gambles).”

See “I.S.9 Italian Agents, Part 4.”

Until recently, that was all I knew of Don Domenico. But recently two Italian authors wrote to me with further details.

The first write, Giuseppe Giovanelli, knew Don Domenico Orlandini personally and lived with him for many years. Giuseppe said the two of them agreed to record Don Domenico’s memoirs of the war. Then, unexpectedly, Don Domenico died in 1977.

After that, Giuseppe wrote a full biography, which was published in 1983.

According to Giuseppe, after the war ended the British decorated Don Domenico with the Victoria Cross. In September 1945, Don Domenico was hired as a military chaplain, a post he held for one year. Then he worked as a journalist and from 1947 until the end of his life he was a parish priest.

 

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The cover of Giuseppe Giovanelli’s Don Domenico Orlandini “Carlo”: prete e comandante partigiano [Don Domenico Orlandini “Carlo”: Priest and Partisan Commander]
Ed. Alpi-APC (Associazione Liberi Partigiani Italiani)
Reggio Emilia, 2013

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The second contact, Italian journalist Giancarlo Giannotti, has published a biography of Don Domenico, entitled Il Memoriale di “Don Carlo” L’eroe Sconosciuto [The Memoire of “Don Carlo” The Unknown Hero].

Sections of it can be read on Giancarlo’s website: www.giancarlogiannotti.it, and you can find more information about Don Domenico on Facebook: “Il Memoriale Di Don Carlo, L’eroe Sconosciuto.”

Below is a chapter from Giuseppe Giovanelli’s Don Domenico Orlandini “Carlo”: prete e com andante partigiano.

This chapter describes Don Domenico’s duo roles as I.S.9 agent and partisan leader.

According to this account, Don Domenico’s I.S.9 nom de guerre was “Carlo Coletta,” hence he is referred to frequently in the narrative as Don Carlo.

The original Italian text alternates with my translation into English. If bilingual readers discern errors in my translation, I would certainly be grateful to know of them so that I can improve the translation.

You can write to me at hilld@iu.edu.

«L’8 settembre iniziai la vita del fuorilegge…»

(“On September 8 the life of outlaws began…”)

Il 25 luglio 1943, caduta di Mussolini, apre la speranza a una nuova stagione di libertà. Si smobilita l’apparato fascista, si costituiscono nuovi partiti (Democrazia Cristiana, socialisti, liberali, comunisti) che, riuniti in un “Comitato del Fronte nazionale”, il 3 settembre 1943 vengono ufficialmente ricevuti dal prefetto Renato Vittadini. Dell’evento dà notizia anche il quotidiano locale Il Tricolore (ex Il solco fascista) il 3 settembre {1}.

On July 25, 1943 the fall of Mussolini opened the hope for a new era of freedom. It demobilized the fascist aparatus, and new parties (Christian Democrats, socialists, liberals, and communists) gathered in a “Committee of the National Front.” On September 3, 1943 they were officially received by the prefect of Renato Vittadini. The event also provided news for the local newspaper The Tricolore (The former fascist groove) on September 3. {1}

La speranza di don Carlo e dei suoi amici è quella di una rivolta politica che, cacciati i tedeschi dall’Italia con l’indispensabile aiuto dell’Esercito, restituisca la pace all’Italia. Il «che cosa fare» dopo la guerra diventa un tema dominante nelle discussioni degli antifascisti e del mondo cattolico in particolare. Proprio su quel tema il 30 maggio si era tenuto a Felina un convegno (clandestino nella sua parte politica), organizzato dal tenente cappellano don Sergio Pignedoli (il futuro cardinale), con la partecipazione del vescovo Brettoni, di numerosi parroci del Castelnovese, dei principali responsabili della nascente Democrazia Cristiana.

The hope of Don Carlo and his friends was for a political revolt that would chase the Germans from Italy, with the indispensable help of the Army, and for return of peace to Italy. “What to do” after the war became a dominant theme in discussions among anti-fascists and in the Catholic world in particular. That was precisely the topic of a conference held in Felina on May 30 (illegal in his political party), organized by lieutenant chaplain (later cardinal) Father Sergio Pignedoli, with the participation of Bishop Brettoni [the bishop of Reggio Emilia], many pastors of Castelnovese, and major leaders of the emerging Christian Democrats.

Ma ancora una volta la speranza deve fare i conti con gli imprevisti della realtà. Le trattative del generale Castellano, rese note l’8 settembre, infatti, anziché portare l’Esercito ad affiancare gli angloamericani, portano alla sua totale improvvisa dissoluzione.

But, once again, hope was forced to terms with unexpected reality. The negotiations of General Castellano, announced on September 8, rather than bringing the Army to support the Anglo-Americans, in fact lead to its total sudden dissolution.

La “via delle canoniche”

(The “way of the canonical”)

Don Carlo si trovava quella sera a Montecchio, in uno dei suoi periodici contatti con gli amici antifascisti. Ecco che cosa vede:

On that evening Don Carlo was in Montecchio at one of his routine calls on antifascist friends. Here is what he saw:

«Quella sera a Montecchio dormii in casa di certi Golinelli che abitavano sulla piazza. Ma non dormimmo. In paese si trovava accantonato un battaglione di tedeschi {2} i quali, dopo un primo sbigottimento, presero a scorrazzare da padroni. Dalla finestra assistemmo al disarmo dei carabinieri, mentre un’autocolonna si dirigeva verso Montechiarugolo per prendere possesso di un campo di internati civili alleati che si trovava in quel castello. Ma il direttore del campo poté farne fuggire una buona parte e mettersi in salvo anche lui.

“That night I slept in Montecchio in the house of a certain Golinelli who lived on the square. But I did not sleep. In the next village a battalion of Germans {2} who, after an initial astonishment, began to patrol around the land of the padrones. From the window we watched the disarming of the police, while a convoy headed for Montechiarugolo to take control of a camp of interned Allied civilians who happened to be in that castle. However, the director of the camp was able to make a good deal and they fled to safety.

Appena giorno, in bicicletta e per vie traverse, mi diressi verso San Polo e da lì, per Rossena-Casina, potei tornarmene indisturbato a casa. Si aprì quel giorno un nuovo capitolo nella mia vita. Iniziai la vita del fuorilegge»

As soon as it was day, I biked in a roundabout way toward San Polo, and from there to Rossena-Casina, and I was able to reach home unharmed. That day a new chapter in my life opened. I began the life of an outlaw.”

Uscendo da Montecchio, fa in tempo a vedere un manifesto con il quale il pro-prefetto Guerriero, avverte che l’esercito tedesco ha preso il controllo della provincia e minaccia la pena di morte a chi oserà turbare l’ordine pubblico o compiere atti di sabotaggio.

Leaving Montecchio, [Don Carlo] had time to see a poster in which the pro-prefect warrior warns that the German army has taken control of the province, and he threatens death to those who dare disturb public order or carry out acts of sabotage.

E sul comportamento dei Tedeschi c’è un episodio, riferibile a quei mesi, che lo stesso vescovo Brettoni narra a un esponente locale del governo fascista e che, per il contesto in cui viene riportato, dice una aperta amabilità del vescovo verso don Carlo:

And regarding the conduct of the Germans, there was an episode during those months when the same Bishop Brettoni talked about a local member of the fascist government and that, due to the way in which it was conveyed, caused the Bishop to regard Don Carlos with great affection:

«Gli ho accennato che uno dei capi [partigiani], Carlo, è un nostro sacerdote. Gli ho narrato l’occasione che lo rese avverso ai tedeschi, quando cioè esso veniva in bicicletta da Castelnovo Sotto a Reggio e s’incrociò con un camion tedesco con soldati SS; uno dei quali con un grosso bastone volle colpirlo mentre passava, ma non riuscì perché don Orlandini (Carlo) accortosi della mossa virò rapidamente e fu fuori di tiro. Mi raccontava egli stesso che il colpo era dato con tanta virulenza che se lo raggiungeva l’avrebbe ucciso. Il camion seguitò la sua corsa come se nulla fosse; qualora fosse accaduta la morte del povero prete l’avrebbero trovato giacente e nessuno avrebbe saputo nulla» {3}.

“I mentioned that one of the [partisan] leaders, Carlo, is our priest. I recounted the occasion when he was challenged by the Germans, which was when he was cycling from Castelnuovo Sotto in Reggio and he met with a German truck carrying SS soldiers; one of them with a big stick attempted to hit him as he passed, but could not because Don Orlandini (Carlo), realizing the swipe was coming, quickly swerved clear of it. He told me himself that the blow was sent with such virulence that if it had reached him it would have killed him. The truck continued on its course as if nothing had happened; if the poor priest had been killed, people would have found him lying there and no one would have known what had happened.” {3}

Le strade della montagna reggiana si riempiono di gente stracciata, scalza, affamata. Sono i soldati di quell’Esercito che doveva cacciare i Tedeschi e che, gettate armi e divise, cercano di ritornare alle proprie famiglie. In mezzo a loro anche numerosi prigionieri di guerra alleati i quali, fuggiti dai campi di concentramento abbandonati dalle guardie italiane, cercano di raggiungere il Sud, incontro alle armate britanniche e americane che, conquistata la Sicilia, di apprestano a risalire la Penisola.

The reggiana mountain roads were full of people who were ragged, barefoot, and hungry. They were the soldiers of the army that was to drive out the Germans and who, shed of weapons and uniforms, were then trying to return to their families. Among them also were many Allied prisoners of war who had fled from concentration camps abandoned by the Italian guards, and were trying to reach the South to meet the British and American armies that had conquered Sicily and were preparing to move up the peninsula.

Camminano di notte, attraverso campi e boschi per sfuggire alla caccia dei Tedeschi, trasformatisi immediatamente da alleati in padroni. Uno spettacolo umiliante per come sono ridotti i soldati italiani; pietoso per gli ex prigionieri, ignari della lingua e del territorio italiano che tendono inizialmente a nascondersi in attesa di trovare una via di salvezza.

They walked at night, through fields and woods, to escape the hunting Germans, who had instantly turned from allies into masters. [It was] a humiliating spectacle for those who had become Italian soldiers; pitiful for former prisoners [who were] ignorant of the language and of the Italian territory where they initially had sought to hide in order to await salvation.

È allora che sulla montagna reggiana si apre quella che, anni dopo, gli storici della Resistenza chiameranno la “via delle canoniche”, cioè delle case dei parroci, dove i fuggiaschi sanno che, sotto il campanile, possono trovare un aiuto sicuro: ristoro, rifugio, indicazioni per proseguire il viaggio.

It is then that the mountain reggiana opened what, years later, historians of the Resistance would call the “way of the canonical,” that is, [the opening of] the priests’ houses, where the fugitives are aware that, under the bell tower, could find help: refreshments, shelter, directions for onward travel.

Aiutarli è pericolosissimo. Ciò nonostante, la casa di don Carlo, a Poiano, appare subito una delle più frequentate. A volte vi ci si ritrovano diciassette o diciotto uomini per volta. A tutti don Carlo procura ristoro, alloggio notturno. Lo aiutano la posizione defilata della sua canonica e la piena collaborazione dei famigliari tutti, dagli ormai anziani genitori Saturno e Desolina alle sorelle Annita e Giulia, impegnate a riattare abiti e preparare cibo, ai giovani di Poiano e dintorni che hanno già in lui un capo autorevole per saggezza e capacità operativa.

Helping them was very dangerous. Nevertheless, the house of Don Carlo, in Poiano, soon became one of the busiest. Sometimes one could find 17 or 18 men at a time there. For all Don Carlo procured refreshment and accommodation nightly. It helped that the rectory was secluded and that he had cooperation of his full family—his by now elderly parents Saturno and Desolina, and his sisters Annita and Julia, who were committed to repairing clothes and preparing food for the young people in and around Poiano who already had in [Don Carlo] a strong, wise leader.

Un aiuto particolare gli fornisce il fratello Giulio che, espletando il servizio militare come guardia nel campo di concentramento di Fossetta e familiarizzando con prigionieri inglesi, aveva imparato un po’ della loro lingua. Nei dintorni conoscono la sicurezza della canonica di don Carlo e gli inviano gli ex prigionieri in fuga che lui e Giulio accolgono, ristorano e aiutano ad avvicinarsi al Sud fornendo l’indirizzo delle altre canoniche, particolarmente quelle più isolate e perciò meno soggette a sguardi indiscreti: Minozzo, Febbio, Cervarolo e Gazzano (dove don Pigozzi e don Canovi nascondono i fuggitivi in fienili lontani dall’abitato), Tapignola, Fontanaluccia. Si tratta in gran parte di ufficiali fuggiti dai campi di concentramento di Milano, Fontanellato e Modena.

Help in particular came from [Don Carlo’s] brother Giulio who, after completing his military service as a guard in the concentration camp of Fossetta, was familiar with English prisoners and had learned a bit of their language. Those nearby knew that the rectory of Don Carlo was a safe place and sent escaping former prisoners to him. He and Giulio welcomed them, helped them to rest, and helped them to move southward by providing the address of the other canonicals, particularly those in the most remote areas that were less subject to prying eyes: Minozzo, Febbio, Cervarolo and Gazzano (where Don Pigozzi and Don Canovi hid fugitives in barns away from the town), Tapignola, and Fontanaluccia. In large part these were officers who fled from the concentration camps in Milan, Modena, and Fontanellato.

In tutte le canoniche della diocesi, anche in quelle di pianura, il suo nome è un riferimento discreto. A Cànolo ha un collaboratore particolare in don Pasquino Borghi, già missionario nel Sudan Anglo-egiziano, nominato il 30 agosto parroco di Tapignola, dove salirà il 17 ottobre.

In all canonicals of the diocese, even in those of the plains, [Don Carlo’s] name was a discreet reference. A Cànolo had a collaborator in particular in Don Pasquino Borghi, a former missionary in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, appointed on August 30 to parish priest of Tapignola, which he was to assume on October 17.

L’assistenza ai fuggiaschi e agli ex prigionieri alleati non lo distoglie dai contatti con la Resistenza che si sta organizzando in quel di Reggio e che, in montagna ha il suo riferimento principale nel professor Pasquale Marconi e nel suo ospedale dove il medico nasconde e cura sbandati e ricercati, fornisce loro false carte d’identità, li indirizza presso luoghi o persone che possano fornire ulteriore assistenza.

Assistance to refugees and former Allied prisoners did not distract them from contacts with the resistance being organized in Reggio, and that in the mountains had as its main resource Professor Pasquale Marconi and his hospital, where the doctor hid and cared for fugitives, sought to provide them with false identity cards, and directed them to places or people where they could get further assistance.

Tutto questo impegno umanitario dei preti non sfugge all’opinione pubblica e, ancor meno al rinascente apparato fascista che lo bolla come ingerenza politica dei sacerdoti perché.

All this humanitarian work of the priests did not escape public notice, let alone the resurgent fascist system, which seethed as priests engaged in political interference.

«nei loro sermoni domenicali non si esimono di formulare espressioni prettamente politiche con chiare allusioni a persone, fatti e cose, dalle quali emana tutto il vigore antifascista di cui sono animati e l’odio per il Duce» {4}.

“Their Sunday sermons were not devoid of purely political expressions with clear allusions to people, events, and things from which grew an the anti-fascist drive and hatred for il Duce.” {4}

Coinvolto nella fondazione del CLN [Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale]

(Involvment in the foundation of the CLN [National Liberation Committee])

La ricostituzione del partito fascista con sue bande armate rende ormai evidente una triste realtà: non sarà sufficiente un “mutamento” politico. La liberazione non potrà passare altro che attraverso una resistenza armata. In campo cattolico si pensa soprattutto ad opere di sabotaggio contro vie, linee telefoniche, automezzi, fornitura di materiali di sussistenza e simili da effettuarsi con bande partigiane. Ad ogni buon conto, sentendo dagli sbandati che in varie località sono state nascoste armi, don Carlo manda suo fratello e altri giovani a recuperarle e a nasconderle. Un’opera difficile e rischiosa che si svolge dalla provincia di Bologna a quella di Parma. Un prezioso carico di armi e munizioni giunge inatteso da Livorno portato a Poiano da un giovane del luogo, certo Ugo Caselli, in servizio militare di leva nella città portuale toscana. Dopo l’8 settembre, tranquillo tranquillo, carica un mulo di tutte le armi che la bestia può portare e, senza imprevisti – grazie all’oculatezza e all’astuzia di cui i giovani montanari sono capaci – se ne torna a casa.

The rise of the Fascist Party with its armed bands made a sad reality clear: mere political “change” would be insufficient. Liberation could not be achieved except by way of armed resistance. In the Catholic world the main plan was for sabotage of roads, telephone lines, and vehicles; procurement of basic provisions; and so on, to be carried out by partisan bands. In any event, feeling the disbanded in various places were hiding weapons, Don Carlo sent his brother and other young people to retrieve and hide them. It was difficult and risky work that took place from Bologna to Parma. A precious cargo of arms and ammunition from Livorno arrived unexpectedly in Poiano, brought by a young local man, a certain Ugo Caselli, who was in military service in the port city of Tuscany. After September 8, the weapons were transferred by mule—all that the beast could carry—without incident, thanks to the watchfulness of the shrewd young mountaineers.

Altre armi le raccoglie lui stesso, usando anche le più impensate astuzie, come ricorda don Alberto Camellini:

He collected other weapons himself, using even the most unlikely stratagems, as recalled by Don Alberto Camellini:

«Poco dopo l’8 settembre ho incontrato a Reggio don Carlo, di cui ero molto amico. Mi sono fermato a parlare con lui da Bizzocchi e ci chiedevamo che cosa fosse possibile fare. Don Carlo aveva una valigetta pesante con sé. Poco dopo mi chiede di accompagnarlo alla corriera perché sarebbe ritornato su in montagna. Fu allora che mi offersi io stesso di portargli quella valigetta, con la quale passammo davanti alla mitragliatrice che i tedeschi avevano piazzato sotto il portico delle Notarìe e puntato contro il comune. […]. E solo dopo mi disse che in quella valigetta c’erano delle bombe a mano…» {5}

“Shortly after September 8, I met in Reggio Don Carlo, who was a good friend of mine. I stopped to talk to him at Bizzocchi and we were wondering what we could possibly do. Don Carlo had a heavy suitcase with him. Shortly afterward he asked me to accompany him to the bus because he was about to return to the mountains. It was then that I offered to bring the case myself, with which we passed the machinegun that the Germans had placed on the portico of Notarìe and pointed at the comune. […]. And only afterward he said that in that in the suitcase there were three hand grenades…” {5}

Con il costituirsi del Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale (CLN) di Reggio, la cui prima seduta avviene nella sagrestia di San Francesco il 28 settembre, la lotta armata non è più un’ipotesi, ma un progetto che di ora in ora volge alla realizzazione. Don Carlo ne è ormai convinto. Come lui, lo è il professor Marconi, il quale, però, ha molti dubbi sull’opportunità che un prete diventi responsabile di una formazione militare. In più, come rappresentante di fatto del mondo cattolico, pone in sede di CLN una sola obiezione: che gli scopi della lotta siano raggiunti non «con qualunque mezzo», ma con precise regole per la salvaguardia della vita nel senso più lato, soprattutto di quella innocente e per dare un primo esempio di quella legalità alla quale il movimento patriottico aspira.

With the establishment of the Committee of National Liberation (CLN) of Reggio, thats first meeting took place in the sacristy of San Francisco on September 28, the armed struggle was no longer a hypothesis, but a project that by the hour was coming to realization. Don Carlo was is now convinced. However, like himself, Professor Marconi harbored many doubts about a priest taking on responsibility for military training. In addition, as a representative of the Catholic world, there arose regarding the CLN one objection: that the central objectives were to be met “by whatever means,” but with precise rules for the preservation of life in the broadest sense, especially for the innocent and to give a prime example of the law to which the patriot movement aspired.

Non sarà un impegno da poco. Per don Carlo, che queste prime riunioni di settembre seguirà in modo diretto, anche se poche volte sarà presente di persona, e per i cattolici (in particolare per quelli della montagna) diventerà tanto importante che – non rispettato, come avremo modo di vedere – provocherà la costituzione della brigata Fiamme Verdi.

It would not be a light commitment. For the don, these first meetings in September (even though at times he was not personally in attendance), and for Catholics, particularly the mountain Catholics, [the agreed upon objectives] became so important—if not fully complied with, as we shall see—that they would result in the establishment of the Fiamme Verdi brigade.

Alla ricerca di un contatto con i comandi alleati

(Looking for contact with the Allied commands)

Un’altra convinzione si fa strada in don Carlo, anche grazie ai frequenti colloqui con don Pasquino Borghi: nessuna organizzazione partigiana può pensare di avere risultati militari e politici senza il coordinamento con gli angloamericani e senza il loro aiuto in armi e vettovagliamento. La convinzione, maturata nel contatto con gli ex prigionieri alleati in fuga verso il sud e facilitata – sicuramente – dalla loro sorpresa nel vedersi così ben accolti dalla popolazione, convince don Domenico e don Pasquino a lanciarsi in un progetto audace: attraversare le linee per recuperare i prigionieri alleati e trasferirli al Sud; ma, nello stesso tempo, prendere contatto con i comandi alleati per organizzare la resistenza al Nord.

Another position occurred to Don Carlo as a result of frequent talks with Don Pasquino Borghi: no partisan organization could think of achieving results without military and political coordination with the Allies, and without their aid with weapons and provisioning. This conviction—which came about while he was in contact with former Allied prisoners fleeing toward the south and who, to their astonishment, were so well received by the population—inspired Don Domenico and Don Pasquino to embark on a bold project: to go through the lines to retrieve Allied prisoners and guide them to the south but, at the same time, to make contact with the Allies in order to facilitate resistance in the north.

Inizialmente non è chiaro chi dei due possa andare. Il piano piace molto agli “amici di Reggio”, tra i quali l’avvocato Pellizzi e altri del CLN; ma piace anche a due ex prigionieri, ufficiali di stato maggiore dell’Armata sudafricana, che, nel frattempo, don Carlo alloggia in casa sua. Essi gli scrivono una lettera di presentazione per i comandi alleati.

Initially, it is not clear which of them could go. The plan really favored the “Friends of Reggio,” including the lawyer Pellizzi and other CLN members; but it also showed preference for two former prisoners—staff officers of the South African Army—who were staying at the house of Don Carlo. The officers wrote him a letter of introduction to the Allied command.

Così don Carlo decide di partire e don Pasquino di continuare il lavoro organizzativo sul posto. Soltanto da poche settimane è stato nominato parroco a Tapignola. Un eventuale ritardo nel prenderne “possesso” darebbe troppo nell’occhio. Don Domenico, invece, non ha un vero e proprio vincolo parrocchiale a Poiano e, in più, ha fama d’uno che è spesso in giro. Questo gli lascia una più ampia libertà di movimento. Non che trascuri i suoi impegni pastorali; anzi, frequenta al massimo le parrocchie viciniori. Il 14 settembre, ad esempio, è a Gatta ad inaugurare la Scuola “Guido Barbetti” in sostituzione del vescovo.

So Don Carlo decided to leave and Don Pasquino continued organizational work locally. Only a few weeks earlier he had been appointed parish priest in Tapignola. Any delay in taking “possession” of that role would have drawn too much attention. Don Domenico, however, did not have an actual tie to the parish in Poiano and, in addition, had the reputation of one who was often on the road. This allowed him greater freedom of movement. He was not one to neglect his pastoral duties; indeed, he attended most of the neighboring parishes. On September 14, for example, at Gatta he inaugurated the “Guido Barbetti” school in place of the bishop.

Pur sapendo con quanta facilità avrebbe potuto lasciarci la pelle o, nel migliore dei casi, restare bloccato al Sud, decide comunque di tentare l’impresa perché il salvataggio degli ex prigionieri e l’avvio delle prime attività resistenziali restano in buone mani: non solo a don Pasquino, ma anche a don Venerio Fontana arciprete di Minozzo, a don Casotti parroco di Febbio e ai tanti altri preti che lo hanno finora aiutato senza tentennamenti: dal giovanissimo don Giuseppe Iemmi di Felina all’anziano don Pigozzi di Cervarolo.

Even knowing how easily he could die or, at best, remain stuck in the south, he decided to join the company because the rescue of former prisoners and the start of the first resistence effort would be in good hands: not only would he be serving with Don Pasquino, but also with Don Venerio Fontana, parish priest of Minozzo; Don Casotti, pastor of Febbio; and many other priests who had until then helped without hesitation: the young Don Giuseppe Iemmi di Felina [and the] elder Don Pigozzi di Cervarolo.

Il 4 ottobre, con il breviario sotto il braccio, in abito talare, se ne parte, non prima d’aver detto apertamente a tutti, in modo che se ne sparga la voce, che va in pellegrinaggio ad Assisi e a Loreto e che in parrocchia lo sostituisce il rettore di Gatta. Inizia, invece, nella clandestinità, la sua avventura di combattente; seguire quest’avventura ci è ora indispensabile per capire come egli intende la lotta al fascismo e come e perché, dopo aver collaborato generosamente con tutti i partigiani, riterrà necessario costituire le “Fiamme Verdi”.

On October 4, with his breviary under his arm and in clerical garb, he parted, not before he had said openly to all—so that they would spread the word—that he was going on a pilgrimage to Assisi and Loreto. In the parish he was replaced by the rector of Gatta. Instead, he beginning a clandestine adventure as a fighter. In pursuing this adventure it is now imperative for us to understand how he meant to fight fascism—how and why, after having worked generously with all the partisans, he deemed it necessary to form the “Fiamme Verdi” [the “Green Flame”].

Fra il 4 ottobre 1943 e il 10 aprile1944 il suo impegno è a diretto contatto con gli alleati e con due precisi obiettivi:

  • contribuire al recupero dei prigionieri alleati;
  • convincere gli alleati che c’erano italiani disposti a operare sul serio, al loro fianco, per liberare l’Italia da fascismo e nazismo; e quindi ottenere il loro supporto logistico e strategico a formazioni armate di “patrioti”.
  • Non è un obiettivo dai tempi brevi. Non è facile convincere uomini di comando e di politica, nemici fino al giorno prima, ai quali ogni giorno la radio italiana augurava la «stramaledizione» di Dio.

Between 4 October 1943 and 10 April 1944 [Don Carlo’s] commitment was to working directly with the Allies, and he had two specific objectives:

  • Contribute to the recovery of Allied prisoners;
  • Convince the Allies that there were Italians who were willing to work seriously alongside them to free Italy from fascism and Nazism, and then to get their logistical support and strategic training for the armed “patriots.”

They were not easily achievable objectives. It would not be easy to win over those in control, who were political enemies just the day before and upon whom, each day, the Italian radio called for the “stramaledizione” [curse] of God.

A Guglionesi raggiunge gli Alleati

(A Guglionesi reaches the Allies)

Il viaggio verso il sud si svolge in un seguito di fatti nei quali il pericolo cresce di giorno in giorno con l’avvicinarsi della linea del fronte che, in quel frattempo, sta per giungere a Termoli. Egli deve perciò disporre l’animo a maggior audacia mettendo a frutto quelle doti di intelligenza e autocontrollo che non gli mancano e che, anzi, sono rese più acute dallo spirito di dedizione e di sacrificio a cui è stata improntata la sua formazione di uomo e di sacerdote.

The journey to the south was carried out in a state of danger that was growing daily as the front line advanced toward Termoli. [Don Carlo] must therefore be daring, capitalizing on his abundant gifts of intelligence and self-discipline—which, indeed, were rendered more sharp by the spirit of dedication and sacrifice that had been imprinted upon him through his training as man and priest.

A Montesilvano s’imbatte nei tedeschi che ispezionano il vagone ferroviario nel quale si era rifugiato: gli va bene semplicemente fingendo di dormire, ma deve mettersi in salvo dalle bombe alleate che cadono rabbiose sulla cittadina. A Pescara e Francavilla il primo incontro desolante con la distruzione congiunta: agli effetti dei bombardamenti aerei alleati si aggiungono quelli delle mine tedesche che tutto radono al suolo per impedire un eventuale sbarco anglo-americano.

In Montesilvano he encountered a German inspection of the railroad car in which he was fleeing; he felt it would be fine just to pretend to be asleep, but then had to escape when Allied bombs began falling on the enraged city. In Pescara and Francavilla he had a first encounter with a desolate, duo-destruction: the devastation of Allied aerial bombardment was compounded with that of German mines, which had been used to flatten everything so as to prevent an eventual Anglo-American landing.

A Lanciano, dov’è arcivescovo il reggiano monsignor Pietro Tesauri, impareggiabile educatore di giovani all’impegno religioso e civile, povero come un parroco di campagna, trova un primo saggio di quanto feroce sia la rappresaglia tedesca. Ma vede anche quanto monsignor Tesauri sia impegnato con i partigiani della banda locale “Trentino La Barba”, usando le sue stesse mani non per sparare, ma per soccorrere, curare, compiere ogni opera che opponesse l’amore all’odio, la carità alla ferocia, così da essere considerato da tutti “padre e fratello”. L’esempio del vescovo Tesauri, sicuramente, lo aiuta a superare non poche perplessità presenti e future.

At Lanciano, the archbishop Monsignor Pietro Tesauri of Reggio, an unparalleled educator of young people in religious and civil commitment, as a poor country priest was first rate in response to the savage German reprisals. But [Don Carlo] also understood that Monsignor Tesauri was committed to the partisans of the local band “Trentino La Barba,” to using his own hands not to shoot, but to rescue and treat, to oppose hatred with love—to fierce charity, so as to be considered by all a “father and brother.” The example of Bishop Tesauri surely helped [Don Carlo] to overcome many present and future concerns.

Il 9 ottobre, a piedi, attraverso campi minati, guada il fiume Trigno, inseguito da raffiche di mitraglia. Si illude di trovare a Montenero gli alleati avanzanti. Vi trova invece le SS tedesche che lasciano entrare, ma non uscire, sparando a vista su chiunque lo tenti. Lui lo tenta, ci riesce rischiando la pelle e, a Guglionesi, raggiunge finalmente gli alleati.

On October 9, he traveled on foot through minefields, forded the river Trigno, followed by bursts of machine-gun fire, under the illusion he would meet the Montenero Allies. He encountered, however, the German SS, which was allowing people to pass in but not allowing them to exit [the occupied territory], shooting on sight anyone who tried. He tried, risking his skin, and in Guglionesi finally he reached the Allies.

Condannato all’immediata fucilazione

(Sentenced to immediate firing squad)

Al comando alleato di Divisione a Termoli, i suoi progetti per il recupero dei prigionieri angloamericani sono accolti con molto interesse. Ma lo gela la freddezza con cui ascoltano le proposte di costituire reparti partigiani. Non hanno alcuna fiducia negli italiani, nemmeno in quelli che, col re, si sono rifugiati a Brindisi. E perciò vanno molto cauti sull’idea di fornire loro delle armi che non sanno dove e contro chi possano sparare.

At the Allied command in Termoli, his plans for recovery of the Anglo-American prisoners was greeted with much interest. But there was a coolness with which [the Allies heard his proposals to set up partisan units. They had no confidence in Italians, even in those who, with the king, took refuge in Brindisi. And therefore they were very cautious in considering the idea of providing [Italians] with weapons, not knowing where and against whom they might use them.

Eppure deve convincerli. Ne va, prima che della sua missione, dell’Italia, che non può uscire dalla guerra senza aver dimostrato che ci sono ancora, soprattutto tra la gente comune, italiani capaci di costruirsi un futuro di libertà e di pace autentica. Solo così le armate alleate possono svolgere un ruolo effettivo di liberazione anziché di nuova occupazione, come teme la gente e come vuol far credere la propaganda fascista.

Yet he had to convince them. He went forward with his mission to ensure that Italy would not get out of the war without having established that there were still, especially among the common people, Italians who were capable of building a future of freedom and genuine peace. Only then could the Allied armies play an effective role of liberation instead of a new occupation, as fearful people and the fascist propaganda would have everyone believe.

Le avventure del viaggio potrebbero costituire una buona testimonianza. Ma il comando alleato vuol metterlo alla prova. Condotto a Termoli e assunto in forza dalla 14a Sezione della A’Force (reparto specializzato nel recupero dei prigionieri), viene condotto nella terra di nessuno, quella striscia lunga, larga, indefinita che costituisce il fronte.

The adventurous trip might have seemed a good assurance. But the Allied command wanted to test him. Conducted out of Termoli by A Force, Section 14 (the unit specializing in prisoner recovery), [Don Carlo] was to lead a mission into no man’s land—the long, wide, ill-defined area that constituted the front.

Il suo compito, conosciuto solo all’ultimo minuto, è di scoprire e rilevare gli appostamenti tedeschi disegnandone, su un’apposita mappa, la dislocazione e la consistenza: carri armati, artiglierie, truppe. La linea da esplorare si estende per una decina di chilometri. Accetta la sfida: «Si trattava – scrive – di dimostrare qualcosa, non solo per me, ma anche per tutti coloro che, lassù al nord, erano decisi a muoversi sulla sola promessa che qualche aiuto non sarebbe mancato; ero sicuro che quei ragazzi avrebbero saputo riabilitare il buon nome degli Italiani».

His job, explained only at the last minute, was to find and record German positions by tracing them on a special map, the location and makeup: tanks, artillery, and troops. The line to be explored extended for about ten kilometers. Accepting the challenge, he wrote, “It was to prove something, not only for myself but also for all those who, up north, were determined to move ahead knowing that some promise of assistance would not fail; I was sure those boys would be able to rehabilitate the reputation of the Italians.”

In tre giorni, dal 16 al 19 ottobre, porta a compimento il lavoro. Nel pomeriggio del 19 si accinge a ritornare quando scopre un gruppo di prigionieri alleati fuggiti che se ne stanno nascosti in un bosco, incerti e inesperti sul da farsi. Li convince a seguirli per rientrare nelle linee alleate, non appena calata la notte.

In three days, October 16–19, he completed the job. On the afternoon of the 19th, as he was about to return, he discovered a group of escaped Allied prisoners who were hiding in the woods, inexperienced and unsure of what to do. He convinced them to follow him across the Allied line as soon as night fell.

Non è un ritorno semplice. Dapprima si trovano al centro di un intenso fuoco d’artiglieria che uccide uno di loro. Poi, arrivati fortunosamente in prossimità di una postazione alleata, proprio quando stanno per tirare il sospiro di sollievo, vengono sorpresi da un pattuglione tedesco. Don Domenico si lancia coraggiosamente contro i nemici urlando la loro parola d’ordine.

It was not a simple return. They first stumbled into the center of intense artillery fire, which killed one of them. Then, luckily, they arrived at an Allied position, but just as they were about to sigh with relief, they were surprised by a German patrol. Don Domenico rushed courageously against the enemies, shouting their password.

Il gesto consente ai prigionieri di fuggire e mettersi in salvo, ma lui viene catturato, caricato su di una motocarrozzetta, processato sommariamente e condannato a morte immediata. Fatti che appaiono come un semplice diversivo burocratico per gli ufficiali che la firmano; una scocciatura per l’ufficiale che la deve eseguire e che, fatto accomodare don Domenico sul sidecar con autista, gli si pone al fianco, sul sedile posteriore della motocicletta, con la pistola puntata. C’è altro da fare che accettare passivamente la morte?

This gesture allowed the prisoners to escape and reach safety, but he was captured, loaded on a motorcycle sidecar, and summarily tried and sentenced to immediate death. The facts seemed like a simple distraction, a bureaucratic course of action, for the officers that signed them; a nuisance to the officer that had to do it and yet for Don Domenico, made to sit in the sidecar while the driver stood behind his seat in the motorcycle, with the gun, was there is nothing to do but passively accept death?

Don Domenico prega la Madonna di Bismantova (un famoso santuario della montagna reggiana). E, intanto, osserva con ostentata indifferenza. Nell’attimo in cui l’ufficiale depone la pistola fra le gambe per accendersi una sigaretta, giusto in corrispondenza di una curva che costeggia una ripida scarpata, si alza di scatto e, dopo aver scagliato un pugno nello stomaco dell’ufficiale, si lancia dal mezzo in corsa, rotola nella scarpata, corre, fugge con ogni forza.

Don Domenico prayed to the Madonna di Bismantova (whose famous shrine is in the Reggio Emilia mountains). Meanwhile, [the officer] looked on with ostentatious disregard. At the moment the officer placed the gun between his legs to light a cigarette, right at a bend that ran along a steep slope, [Don Domenico] leapt up and, throwing a punch to the officer’s gut, he sprang as if in a race, rolled down the slope, and escaped by all strength.

Prima che l’autista abbia fermato il sidecar e si sia tolto il mitra dalla posizione di armacollo, prima che Her Hauptman si sia ripreso dal dolore lancinante allo stomaco e insieme abbiano aperto il fuoco verso la scarpata, don Domenico è già fuori tiro. Grazie, Madonna di Bismantova!

By the time the driver had stopped the sidecar and was able to retreive his gun from where it was slung over his shoulder, [and] after Herr Hauptman had recovered from the stabbing pain to the stomach, together they opened fire towards the escarpment, [but] Don Domenico was already out of reach. Thanks to Madonna di Bismantova!

La notte lo aiuta. Alcune ore dopo, verso le nove del 19 ottobre, entra raggiante tra le fortificazioni del Comando alleato che, in quei tre giorni, si era trasferito una ventina di chilometri più all’interno, a Guglionesi. Lo guardano increduli. I prigionieri da lui salvati lo avevano già dato per morto. Ormai la sfida è vinta. Ha dimostrato che gli alleati possono avere fiducia in lui. Può sperare che discutano la proposta di aiuti per la costituzione di formazioni partigiane al Nord.

The night helped him. Hours later, at about nine o’clock on 19 October, beaming, he entered the fortifications of the Allied Command that, in those three days, had moved some twenty kilometers further inland, to Guglionesi. They looked at him in disbelief. The prisoners he saved had already given him up for dead. Now the challenge was won. He had shown the Allies that they could trust him and [he now] could hope to discuss the proposal for aid in the creation of partisan groups in the north.

Riparte, con la benedizione del vescovo

(Again, with the bishop’s blessing)

A Bari, presso il comando dell’VIII Armata Britannica, elabora un piano per il recupero a grande raggio dei prigionieri alleati, garantito dall’appoggio di mezzi aerei e navali. Per essere pronto ad attuarlo si sottopone a corsi accelerati (dieci giorni in tutto) di lancio col paracadute e di sbarco da mezzi navali; un addestramento militare che gli tornerà quanto mai utile nei due anni seguenti.

At the British Eighth Army command in Bari, a plan for recovering Allied prisoners from a larger area was prepared—a mission to be backed up by aircraft and naval support. In preparation, they carried out a 10-day accelerated course of parachuting and naval landings; it was a military training that would prove very useful over the next two years.

Approfitta delle poche ore di sosta per allacciare contatti: col maggiore Robertson di Radio Bari; con “Ercole Ercoli” che, ritenendolo comunista, gli fa numerose confidenze dalle quali apprende le reali finalità che il capo del comunismo vuole affidare alla lotta partigiana.

[Don Carlo] took advantage of the few hours of rest to make contacts with Major Robertson of Radio Bari, and with “Ercole Ercoli” [Palmiro Togliatti, one of the principal founders of the Italian Communist Party] who, as a communist, made numerous confidences from which [Don Carlo] learned the real aims the communist boss wanted to entrust to the partisan struggle.

Il primo novembre, assunto il nome di copertura di “Carlo Coletta”, col quale già lo abbiamo chiamato aggiungendo, per consuetudine successiva, il “don”, parte per la missione al Nord. Compito: risalire dalla costa abruzzese fino alla montagna piacentina individuando i gruppi di ex prigionieri alleati in attesa di recupero; prendere contatto con le formazioni partigiane che stanno creandosi qui e là e impartire loro particolari direttive per una futura collaborazione con gli Alleati.

In November, taking the undercover name of “Carlo Coletta,”—a name we have already been calling him, and to which we have added the customary “don”—he left for his mission in the north. His task was to travel from the coast to the mountains of Abruzzo Piacenza and find groups of former Allied prisoners who were awaiting recovery, and then to make contact with the partisan groups who are being formed here and there and give them specific guidelines for future cooperation with the Allies.

Vengono sbarcati in sette. Alla fine della missione sopravviveranno soltanto in due: lui e certo conte Ranieri di Sorbello. Lo sbarco fra Grottammare e Cupra Marittima fa credere ai Tedeschi di essere dinnanzi a un attacco in forze e Radio Roma ne dà notizia proprio come se fosse stato tale. Così quel prete, di cui il comunicato dà notizia, viene individuato a Reggio – ed era proprio lui – per don Domenico Orlandini, “traditore” al soldo degli alleati e “agente provocatore comunista”. Del fatto si ha notizia anche da una cronaca dell’Avvenire d’Italia del 3 novembre.

Seven were landed. At the end of the mission only two survived: [Don Carlo] and one Count Ranieri di Sorbello. [See  “I.S.9 Captain Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello.”] The landing between Groton and Cupra Marittima was to make one believe the Germans were moving forward in a forceful attack, and Radio Rome was informed as if this were the case. So the priest, who gave the news, was found in Reggio—and he was right—for Don Domenico Orlandini, “traitor” in the pay of the Allies and a “communist agent troublemaker.” This was reported as a fact even in the chronicles of Avvenire d’Italia [Future of Italy] on November 3.

I colloqui col maggiore Robertson, trasmessi da Radio Bari (alleata), ripresi per scopi inversi da Radio Roma (nazifascista), congiuntamente al fatto che neppure “Ercole Ercoli” ha tenuto per sé quanto “Carlo” gli ha detto, provocano in Reggio la messa al bando di don Domenico: una taglia di 40.000 lire pende sul suo capo. Don Carlo lo scopre appena arriva a Reggio, il 3 novembre.

Talks with Major Robertson, broadcast by Radio Bari (Allies), were mean to counter Radio Rome (Nazi-fascist), jointly with the fact that even “Ercole Ercoli” kept to himself what “Carlo” had said, resulting in a ban on Don Domenico in the Reggio and a 40,000 pound reward placed on his head. Don Carlo discovered this when he arrived at Reggio on November 3.

Sulla corriera per Casina, dove ha con sé uno zaino pieno di munizioni affidatogli dal conte Calvi, evita sorridendo una perquisizione della Milizia. Si nasconde a Poiano, ben protetto dai suoi “ragazzi”. Sfugge a tre tentativi di cattura da parte dei fascisti venuti a cercarlo a casa sua, dove in quei giorni si nasconde anche Arturo Pedroni che il CLN di Reggio ha inviato in montagna a raccogliere e organizzare i gruppi di sbandati. In uno dei tentativi di cattura vorrebbe ricambiare l’agguato e far fuori i fascisti. Non lo fa, benché il sangue gli corra forte nelle vene, e ne sarà contento. In seguito, ancor più, scoprirà il valore del risparmiare o salvare vite. Incontra anche Marconi e lo ragguaglia sui suoi incontri e sulla sua attività.

On the bus to Casina, carrying a rucksack filled with ammunition entrusted to him by Count Calvi, [Don Carlo] prevented a search by the militia by smiling. He hid in Poiano, which was well-protected by his “boys.” He escaped capture when the fascists came three times to look for him at his house. In those days Arturo Pedroni of the Reggio CLN, who had been sent to the mountains to collect and organize the groups of stragglers, was also hidden at the house. After one of the attempts at capture, reciprocation by ambush and killing of fascists was considered. This did not happen, although the blood ran strong in his veins, and [Arturo] would have been glad to have revenge. Afterwards, he would discover the value of saving money or saving lives. He also met with Marconi and briefed him on [the CLN’s] meetings and activities.

All’apparenza, il primo viaggio può sembrare uno scacco. Gli alleati non si fidano ancora degli italiani, né di quelli dell’Italia liberata, né di quelli che al Nord dicono di volersi opporre a fascisti e tedeschi. Mostrano però una sorta di attendismo non negativo, che non toglie speranza a don Carlo, ma lo invoglia a far di tutto per dimostrare l’infondatezza del pregiudizio antiitaliano.

On the surface the first trip might have seemed a failure. The Allies still did not trust the Italians—neither those liberated or those in the north still opposed to the fascists and Germans. Don Carlo, however, did not loose heart. He adopted a wait-and-see attitude and felt more determined than ever to disprove the Allies’ anti-Italian prejudice.

Riprende perciò subito a interessarsi di formazioni ribelli, cioè di una vera e propria organizzazione militare che, superata la fase del recupero degli ex prigionieri alleati e dell’aiuto a rifiutare le leve fasciste, operino in sintonia con gli alleati per liberare il territorio italiano dall’invasione tedesca.

Therefore, he resumed his interest in the rebel forces—a true military organization that, beyond helping with the recovery of the former Allied prisoners and refusing to aid the levers of fascism, operated smoothly with the Allies to free the territory from the German invasion in Italy.

Questo è il suo primo obiettivo, raggiunto il quale gli sembra realistico pensare che il fascismo, senza più il sostegno germanico, cada da solo. Si spiega così perché, nei riguardi dei militari fascisti egli tenterà sempre, in via prioritaria, il mezzo della persuasione, come nel Bar Caminati di Reggio fa don Simonelli, apertamente, costringendoli a riflettere che il “ribellismo” si fonda su presupposti moralmente e politicamente ben definiti, come non era, invece, il loro movimento repubblican.

This was his first goal, as it seemed realistic to think that fascism, without continued support from the Germans, would fall by itself. This explains why, in respect to the fascists, he always attempted persuasion as a first priority, as when in the Bar Caminati of Reggio Don Simonelli openly forced them to reflect on whether their “rebelliousness” was based on assumptions that were morally and politically well-defined, as it was not, however, their republican movement.

Riprende subito i contatti con don Pasquino Borghi, presso il quale va a rifugiarsi per non mettere a repentaglio la popolazione di Poiano dove i fascisti, inutilmente, tentano di catturarlo. Proprio tramite don Pasquino ottiene dal vescovo il permesso di lasciare la parrocchia di Poiano per dedicarsi al nuovo impegno.

Immediately he resumed contacts with Don Pasquino Borghi, from whom he received refuge, so as not to not jeopardize the population of Poiano, where fascists were attempting in vain to capture him. Through Don Pasquino he recieved permission from the bishop to leave the parish of Poiano in order to devote himself to the new effort.

Un compito più da laici che non da sacerdoti. È vero. Ma la supplenza ha una ragione precisa: quell’impegno comporta troppi rischi per i laici e per le loro famiglie. Glielo si può chiedere non standosene al sicuro, ma con l’esempio, andando avanti per primi. La scelta di questi preti diventa la conseguenza di tante discussioni, fatte in seminario e fuori, sul tema “interventismo sì o no”; ovvero: sì o no al servizio militare; sì o no ad essere primi nell’impegno dove c’è da mettere in gioco la vita per salvare altre vite.

[It was] a task more suited to laity than priests. It’s true. But there was justification for the substitution: the commitment involved too much risk for the laity and their families. You can ask [a priest] to go forward first, setting an example, rather than sitting in safety. The choice of these priests came after much discussion at the seminary on the topic “interventionism—yes or no”; that is, yes or no to military service, yes or no to be the first where [a priest’s] accepting the commitment is to put his life at stake in order to save the lives of others.

La sua posizione è quella “interventista” di don Giuseppe Iemmi: i contadini e gli operai, con moglie e figli, sono chiamati alle armi. E perché no i seminaristi o i giovani sacerdoti che, pure, con la loro presenza, potrebbero portare tanta consolazione a chi soffre e muore?

Their position was that of the “interventionist” Don Giuseppe Iemmi: peasants and workers, with wives and children, were called to arms. So why not seminarians or young priests as well, who, through their presence, might bring much consolation to those who suffer and die?

Il vescovo Eduardo Brettoni, approva la scelta – come già aveva approvato l’impegno contro la dittatura e contro la guerra di don Simonelli e don Cocconcelli – e, con la sua benedizione, il 27 novembre don Carlo riparte per il Sud, viaggiando di paese in paese per raccogliere le informazioni sui prigionieri alleati e organizzarne il recupero e, in più, per contattare le varie formazioni partigiane e informarle della possibile collaborazione con le forze alleate.

Bishop Eduardo Brettoni approved the choice—as he had already approved the commitment against the dictatorship and the antiwar involvements of Don Simonelli and Don Cocconcelli—and so, with his blessing, on November 27, Don Carlo started for the south, traveling from village to village gathering information on Allied prisoners and organizing their recovery and, in addition, contacting various partisan groups in order to inform them of the possibility for cooperation with the Allied forces.

Sulla montagna reggiana rimane don Pasquino con il compito di continuare a raccogliere gli ex prigionieri, di assisterli e di indirizzarli in quel di Ancona dove don Carlo o i suoi collaboratori li guidano al passaggio delle linee. Solo il conte Calvi è conoscenza di questa segreta organizzazione {6}.

In the Reggiano mountains, Don Pasquino stayed with the task of continuing to gather former prisoners, and helping to direct them toward Ancona, where Don Carlo or its associates would guide them through the lines. Only Count Calvi was aware of this secret organization. {6}

Un certo fondamento di verità

(A certain element of truth)

Ha con sé dodici ex prigionieri angloamericani raccolti fra Tapignola, Cervarolo e Gazzano, che lassù avevano trovato rifugio e assistenza – come abbiamo visto – presso don Pasquino Borghi, don Paolino Canovi e don Giambattista Pigozzi. Quest’ultimo, nel consegnargli i suoi quattro, glieli raccomanda come figli. E filiale è anche la devozione con cui don Carlo riceve la benedizione dell’anziano confratello.

[Don Carlo] had with him twelve former Allied prisoners who were collected from Tapignola, Cervarolo, and Gazzano, who had found refuge and support up there—as we have seen—with Don Pasquino Borghi, Don Paolino Canovi, and Don Giambattista Pigozzi. The latter, in handing over his four, asked that they be treated as sons. Also, it was with filial devotion that Don Carlo received the blessing of the elder brother.

Ora il viaggio deve necessariamente andare a rilento, di nascosto ai nazifascisti, con ogni mezzo di trasporto e, il più delle volte a piedi. Occorre rendersi conto di persona di dove si trovano i prigionieri, di organizzare la rete che li nasconda e, al momento opportuno, li aiuti a fuggire. In più bisogna cercare i partigiani che vanno organizzandosi e che, verso sud, sono costituiti sempre più spesso da soldati italiani sbandati, spesso coi loro ufficiali, fiduciosi che la linea del fronte risalga verso Nord nel più breve tempo possibile. Bisogna dir loro che ci sono possibilità di avere aiuto e collaborazione. È il messaggio che gli riesce di consegnare ai partigiani di Riccardo Fidel “Libero” a Forlì, ai gruppi di ex soldati del tenente Cardona a Sassoferrato.

Now the journey necessarily had to go slowly in order to avoid detection by the Nazi-fascists—by any means of transport and, more often than not, on foot. They needed to understand where the individual prisoners were, arrange for the network to hide them, and then, when appropriate, to help them escape. Plus, there was need to watch for the partisans who were organizing themselves and who, to the south, were composed increasingly of disbanded Italian soldiers, often with their officers, confident that the front line would move northward as quickly as possible. They needed to be told that there existed possibilities for help and collaboration. It was this message that was delivered to the partisans of Riccardo Fidel “Libero” a Forlì, groups [comprised of] former soldiers of Lieutenant Cardona in Sassoferrato.

Presso Montegranaro trova un campo di concentramento dove i tedeschi raccolgono i prigionieri alleati. Grazie all’aiuto del cappellano, che per questo verrà poi ucciso, fa fuggire tutti i prigionieri. Giunge Natale ed è ancora in viaggio, nei dintorni di Fermo, sotto la pioggia, con un pezzo di pane in tasca, braccato dai tedeschi e dai fascisti che hanno sempre pronto, per lui e per i suoi compagni, il colpo in canna. Ma la rete per il recupero dei prigionieri, avviata da lui e dal suo gruppo dell’A’Force, funziona: i prigionieri alleati sono aiutati a fuggire, a nascondersi, a trovare guide che li conducono ai punti d’imbarco oppure direttamente oltre il fronte. Così riprendono le missioni che, complessivamente, recuperano circa 3700 prigionieri {7}. Fra questi anche il figlio del generale Montgomery, liberato da un campo presso l’Aquila insieme a tre generali.

In Montegranaro there was a prison camp where the Germans held Allied prisoners. With the help of the [camp’s] chaplain, all the prisoners escaped, and the chaplain was killed for his involvement. Christmas came and still Don Carlo was on the road—on the outskirts of Fermo, in the rain, with a piece of bread in his pocket—hunted by the Germans and fascists, who were always ready for him and his comrades with a round in their chamber. But the prisoner retrieval network that he and his “A” Force partners launched was working: Allied prisoners were being helped to escape, to hide, and to find guides to lead them to coast rendesvous or directly through the front. The recovery missions overall resulted in the return of about 3,700 prisoners. {7} Among these was the son of General Montgomery, liberated along with three generals from a camp near l’Aquila.

Ora che ha la piena fiducia degli alleati e di Montgomery in particolare, don Carlo ripropone il tema degli aiuti alle formazioni partigiane del Nord. Della sua buona fede, delle sue ottime capacità, come di quelle dei suoi uomini, non hanno motivo di dubitare. Dubitano, invece, com’è noto, del Partito Comunista Italiano. Scrive don Carlo:

Now that he had the full confidence of the Allies and Montgomery in particular, Don Carlo returned to the issue of aid to the partisans in the north. His good faith and his excellent ability (like those of his men) they had no reason to doubt. However, they did doubt, as was well known, the Italian Communist Party. Don Carlo wrote:

«Gli alleati erano informati che il PCI puntava su un’azione rivoluzionaria al momento opportuno e temevano che un loro eventuale aiuto finisse esclusivamente col potenziare l’apparato comunista. Si discusse molto su questo punto: le loro obiezioni avevano un certo fondamento di verità. Ma cercai di farmi garante che sarebbero state prese opportune cautele, affinché l’eventualità da essi paventata non potesse verificarsi, almeno su larga scala».

“The Allies are aware that the PCI is aiming for revolutionary action at the appropriate time, and they fear that their possible support would only end with strengthening of the communist apparatus. There was discussion on this very point: their objections have some element of truth. But I tried to get a guarantee that appropriate precautions would be taken so that what they feared could not occur, at least not on a large scale.”

Aprile 1944. Missione al Sud conclusa

(April 1944—the mission in the south is completed)

Il 4 febbraio il comando inglese lancia don Carlo col paracadute nella zona di Porchia, nei pressi di Ascoli Piceno, dove c’è un caposaldo nodale della rete di recupero dei prigionieri. Qui riprende in pieno il suo lavoro di agente dell’A’Force, intersecato dai contatti con le formazioni partigiane per informarle della disponibilità degli aiuti alleati e, ovviamente, dei timori fondati che questi ultimi ancora hanno verso alcuni settori del partigianato.

On February 4, the British command landed Don Carlo by parachute in the area of Porchia, near Ascoli Piceno, which was a key junction in the prisoner recovery network. Here he fully resumed his work as an ‘A’ Force agent, interspersing [those activities] with contacts with partisan groups in order to inform them of the availability of Allied aid and, of course, to share concerns the Allies still had concerning aspects of the partisan movement.

Molte le località occupate dai tedeschi nelle quali compie audacissime operazioni di recupero dei prigioniri: San Benedetto del Tronto, Fermo, Porto Civitanova, Porto San Giorgio, Giulianova, Pescara, Cupra Marittima…

He conducted audacious prisoner recovery operations in many areas occupied by the Germans: San Benedetto del Tronto, Fermo, Porto Civitanova, Porto San Giorgio, Giulianova, Pescara, Cupra Marittima…

Ha con sé una radio ricetrasmittente per mantenere i contatti col comando inglese da cui ricevere le istruzioni operative. Per mezzo di questa radio viene a conoscenza della battaglia di Cerré Sologno del 15 marzo 1944 e degli eccidi di Santa Giulia nel modenese e di Cervarolo nel Reggiano. Sa così della morte di don Battista Pigozzi.

He carried a two-way radio in order to communicate and recieve incoming instructions from the British command. Over this radio he learned of the battle of Cerré Sologno of 15 March 1944 and the massacres of Santa Giulia in Modena and in Cervarolo Reggiano. He also learned of the death of Don Battista Pigozzi.

Tutti questi fatti non sfuggono al comando alleato e testimoniano, se mai ce ne fosse ancora bisogno, che l’attività partigiana era in pieno svolgimento e la popolazione stessa del Nord pagava col sangue, pesantemente, per liberarsi dall’invasione tedesca e dal fascismo.

All these facts did not escape the Allied command and they stood as a testiment, if ever proof were needed, that partisan activity was in full swing and the northern Italians had paid heavily with blood to free themselves from the German invasion and fascism.

Ai primi di marzo la missione sta per concludersi. La sua ricompensa maggiore è la promessa – ormai certa – di aiuti in armi, generi di sussistenza e coordinamento strategico. Dunque può tornarsene a casa per dedicarsi a tempo pieno al partigianato.

In early March, the mission was about to end. [Don Carlo’s] greatest reward was the promise—almost certain now—of assistance with weaponry, other support, and strategic coordination. Therefore, he was free to go home to dedicate himself full-time to the partisan movement.

Ma gli inglesi non finiscono di dargli le ultime raccomandazioni, proprio perché hanno fiducia in lui, dimostrando, però, di avere informazioni forse più particolareggiate delle sue:

But the British did not end up granting his latest recommendations, precisely because they had confidence in him, but proving that they perhaps had more detailed information:

«Volgendo il mio impegno al termine, ricevetti tuttavia la raccomandazione di riferire ai responsabili della Resistenza che i programmi di aiuto e collaborazione avrebbero potuto venire compromessi dal ripetersi di alcuni fatti negativi, come uccisioni indiscriminate e razzie, che predisponevano negativamente la popolazione già così provata.

“While bringing my engagement to its close, however, I received the recommendation to report to the leaders of the Resistance that assistance programs and cooperation could be jeoparized by the repetition of certain negative events, such as indiscriminate killings and looting, which adversely put at risk the people who had already proven themselves.

Tali episodi dovevano quindi essere accuratamente evitati e la Resistenza doveva mantenersi sul binario della lotta ai nazifascisti, nel rispetto delle persone e delle cose non chiaramente implicate nella lotta.

“These episodes should thus be carefully avoided, and the Resistance must keep on the track of combating the fascists with respect for people and property not clearly involved in the fight.

Mi informarono anche dell’esistenza di una radio trasmittente, a mezzo della quale avrei dovuto comunicare la notizia del mio arrivo e ricevere al momento opportuno le istruzioni relative ai previsti prossimi invii di rifornimenti aviotrasportati».

“They also informed me of the existence of a radio transmitter, by means of which I was to give notice of my arrival at an appropriate time and receive instructions on how the next set of supplies would be sent by air.”

Questa è la raccomandazione alleata, inglese in particolare, e tale è la corrispondente promessa rilasciata da Carlo. Una promessa che dobbiamo tenere ben presente per comprendere i prossimi sviluppi della resistenza nella montagna reggiana e, in particolare, i confronti già in atto nelle formazioni in via di sviluppo.

This was the recommendation of the Allies—the English in particular—and such was the promise made by Carlo. A promise we must keep in mind in order to understand the next developments of resistance in the reggiana mountains and, in particular, as compared to what was already taking place in developing countries.

Il 10 aprile 1944, in bicicletta, lascia Sassoferrato (provincia di Ancona) per Sassuolo. Circa cinquecento chilometri che percorre in poco meno di un giorno e mezzo, sfidando tutti i possibili incontri con tedeschi e fascisti.

On 10 April 1944, [Don Carlo] left Sassoferrato (Ancona province) on bike, bound for Sassuolo. About 500 kilometers that one can travel in just under one and a half days, braving all possible encounters with Germans and fascists.

Notes

1. D’ora in poi, salvo specifica annotazione, per il riferimento documentativo di quanto narrato, l’Autore rimanda al suo volume: La 284° Brigata Fiamme Verdi “Italo”, Ed. ALPI-APC, Reggio Emilia 2002.

[Henceforth, unless specifically noted, references in this document are drawn by the author from his book: La 284° Brigata Fiamme Verdi “Italo”, Ed. ALPI-APC, Reggio Emilia 2002.]

2. Il Tricolore (ex Il solco fascista), 10 settembre 1943.

3. Archivio Vescovile, Carteggio Brettoni Tempore belli.

4. Il solco fascista, 23 ottobre 1943.

5. Da una breve intervista rilasciata da don Alberto Camellini a Giuseppe Giovanelli il 15 marzo 2004. Don Camellini, ordinato prete il 25 giugno 1944, diventerà noto per avere seguito personalmente la vicenda del piccolo seminarista Rolando Rivi, ucciso da partigiani comunisti il 10 aprile 1945, la cui beatificazione avverrà il prossimo 5 ottobre 2013.

[A brief interview with Don Alberto Camellini Giuseppe Giovanelli on 15 March 2004. Don Camellini, ordained a priest on June 25, 1944, will become known to have personally followed the story of the young seminarian Rolando Rivi, killed by communist partisans on April 10, 1945, whose beatification will take place on October 5, 2013.]

6. “Carlo” il primo delle Fiamme Verdi, in La Penna, numero unico della Brigata Italo – Fiamme Verdi del Cusna, 24 agosto 1945, L’articolo, firmato “Le Fiamme Verdi”, contiene un primo dettagliato resoconto del lavoro svolto da don Carlo come agente dell’A’Force per il recupero dei prigionieri alleati.

[“Carlo” il primo delle Fiamme Verdi, in La Penna, unique number Brigade Italo – Flames Verdi Cusna, August 24, 1945, The article, signed “Le Fiamme Verdi,” contains the first detailed account of the work done by Don Carlo as an agent of ‘A’ Force for the recovery of Allied prisoners.]

7. Sul numero dei prigionieri recuperati grazie all’operato di don Carlo e alla rete da lui organizzata, alquanto polemico appare Guerrino Franzini, che vorrebbe ridurne drasticamente il numero (RS, 32-33, pag. 138). Due sole osservazioni per sottolineare come il numero non appaia affatto esagerato: a) tra le varie azioni vi fu perfino l’evacuazione completa di due campi di concentramento per un totale, solo lì, di 900 prigionieri.; b) ebbe dagli inglesi non soldi (che pure gli vennero proposti), ma la Victoria Cross. Un’onorificenza, si sa, che non veniva concessa per meriti di poco conto. L’articolo de La Nuova Penna citato nella nota precedente, afferma: «Forse chi lo vede oggi per la prima volta non potrebbe credere che quell’uomo giovane, magrolino, col suo sorrisetto amichevole e, talvolta, un po’ ironico, possa aver svolto con tanta energia e, per di più, quasi sempre da solo nei momenti difficili, un’opera così vasta. Ma noi, che abbiamo vissuto con lui, sappiamo che vi furono momenti nei quali anche la sua forza di uomo avrebbe dovuto piegarsi, se non lo avesse sostenuto la sua fede patriottica, l’entusiasmo del suo apostolato, la sua costanza montanara».

[The number of prisoners recovered thanks to the work of Don Carlo and the network he organized, seems controversial to [writer] Guerrino Franzini, who would drastically reduce the number (RS, 32-33, p. 138). Just two observations to emphasize how the number does not appear to be at all exaggerated: a) between the various actions, there was a complete evacuation of two concentration camps [which held a total of] 900 prisoners; b) had received no money from the British (who had even proposed it), but [he had been awarded] the Victoria Cross. [It was] an honor, we know, that was not awarded for actions of little consequence. The article in La Nuova Penna referenced above, says: “Perhaps those who see it today for the first time might not believe that this young man, skinny, with his friendly smile and sometimes [seeming] a little wry, may have played so vigorously and, moreover, almost always alone in difficult times, [to accomplish] a work so vast. But we, who have lived with him, know that there were times when even the strength of this man would have folded, had it not been for his patriotic belief, the enthusiasm of his apostolate, his mountain-like resolve.”]

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Another book by Giuseppe Giovanelli includes material on Don Domenico Orlandini: La 284a brigata Fiamme verdi “Italo”: Cattolici della montagna reggiana nella Resistenza 1943–1945 (2002) [The 284th Brigade Fiamme Verdi “Italo”: Catholics of the Reggio Emilia Mountains in the Resistance 1943–1945].



Carl Leroy Good—Captured by the Enemy

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At left, Carl with twins Ron and Don, the last-born of his and his wife Nadine’s six children; right, Carl at home on the family farm

I first heard from Crystal Aceves in February 2010, when she wrote, “My grandfather was part of Operation Torch, subtask operation Brushwood. He made it through the amphibious landing and went on to Sicily, where he captured on July 17, 1943.”

Carl was transferred through several camps, the last of which was P.G. 59 in Servigliano.

He kept an account of his war experiences, in which he described the Camp 59 breakout:

“It was on the 8th of September we heard the allies were in Italy and Italy had packed in. What a day! We were free! That’s what we thought. We were held for six more days. We grew very impatient and started to smell a mouse, were they going to turn us loose, today, tomorrow, so we made plans of our own. We’d go on our own. Soon the Germans would come in and take us on to Germany. On the night of the 14th of September we went out under fire through a hole in the wall that had been chiseled by some of the prisoners.”

Crystal went on to explain, “Outside the camp, the men divided in smaller groups and traveled all night to the foot of Monte San Martino.

“The names of the six escapees in his group that night were Carl Good (my granddad), Sgt. George Tucker, Sgt. Jim Kingsland, Joseph Altomari, Jim Snodgrass, and Jim Martelli. After a couple days, they split up so it was safer.

“My granddad stayed with Jim Martelli.

“He was one of the lucky ones,” Crystal said. “He survived in the San Martino mountains for over nine months.

“My granddad and Jim stayed hidden outside of Monte San Martino in the countryside. At the beginning there were three families that were helping them out. As things got harder, two of the families dropped out. The main farmer and his family took them on themselves. His name was Giovanni Straffi. He had two sons fighting and both were captured—one sent to Germany and one sent to the U.S. His son’s names were Carlo and Edward (as it would be in English). The Straffi family joked that they had traded a Carlo for a Carl.

“They really took care of my granddad and Jim and made sure they survived the winter. Some winter nights, they let them spend the night under the house with the ox so they could keep warm. On one very cold, snowy winter night, they even let them spend the night inside the house and gave them a bed to sleep in for a few days.

“For the most part my granddad and Jim lived in a hidden shelter. He told me one of the Italian boys went with them near the beginning and helped make them a shelter out of wicker plants that was hidden in a small ditch in the timber and away from the main road. They had a perfect view of the families and the country around them, but they were protected. It could only be accessed by walking. The main road ran below them and there was a rural road up near level of them. This was their main hideout throughout the nine months they stayed in the mountains.

As the Allies got closer, in June 1944, they decided to leave and try to make it to Termoli. Giovanni Straffi and his wife cried because they felt like sons to them. He said he did get a letter from them after he got home, but we could never find what happened to it.

“Jim and my granddad made it to Ascoli and were met by a British company. He made in back to the U.S. on August 2, 1944.

“When my dad was little, the war was never mentioned,” Crystal wrote. “My granddad wanted to start talking about it in his 70s.”

At the time she first wrote to me, Crystal said of her granddad, “He is still alive and well and in July he will be 91. His memory is still amazing and I sit down with him often to record more stories that didn’t get written. He won’t share the worst ones, but he shares many others.”

Carl passed away the following year, on Christmas Eve, 2011.

Crystal continued to research Carl’s story—as well as other men’s escape stores, in order to better understand, by extension, her grandfather’s combat, prisoner-of-war, and escape experiences. She expanded the story to include Carl’s youth, induction into the service, and his return home after repatriation.

This year her years of work reached fruition as she at last saw the publication of her book.

Carl Good would have been pleased to see the dedicated research and sensitivity his granddaughter put into this book. The volume ensures the story of his remarkable experience will live on. It also serves as a tribute to the comrades who shared his experience and the kind Italians who offered him protection.

You can order Captured by the Enemy: The True Story of POW Carl Leroy Good from Amazon.com or through Crystal’s own website, crystalaceves.com.

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The author with her granddad, February 2011

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Carl Leroy Good during the war

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Family life—Carl and his wife Nadine with their children. In all, the couple had one daughter and five sons.

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Author Crystal Aceves with her family


Monument to Valiant Rescuers

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I recently exchanged several e-mails with Luigi Donfrancesco, who lives in Rome. His uncle, Andrea Scattini, was an Italian I.S.9 agent during the war.

I.S.9 was a sub-organization of special Allied operations unit “A” Force. I.S.9 formed escape chains to evacuate Allied escapers and evaders (E & Es) from enemy-occupied territory.

Luigi sent me photos of a monument at Villa Stipa at Offida (Ascoli Piceno, Italy) that commemorates No. 5 Field Section of I.S.9, which produced the largest number of E & Es of any I.S.9 land unit in Italy.

See “I.S.9 History—Operations in Italy, Part 2” for detailed information on No. 5 Field Section.

Villa Stipa was one of the main bases of I.S.9 “Rat Line” rescues.

“My uncle Andrea Scattini is improperly placed with the shot [executed] patriots, but he should be with the fallen in service instead, because he was never captured,” Luigi clarified.

“Also, Don Domenico Orlandini was never shot nor dead (they erroneously thought so), but survived the war and died later in his sixties.”

Here are the names acknowledged on the memorial:

GUERRA DI LIBERAZIONE [War of Liberation]

N.5 A FORCE FED. SEC C OCAO.
A.M.G. MAGG. ROBB E CAP. R. W. LEWIS [Allied Military Government, Major (maggiore in Italian) A. Robb and U.S. Army Air Force Captain R. W. B. Lewis]
COMANDO RAT LINE
COMANDANTE CAP. G.A.R.I. [Genio Aeronautico Ruolo Ingegneri, Aeronautical Engineer Corps] STIPA LUIGI
COLLEGAMENTO VIA RADIO
CON ALGERI BARI E LANCIANO [wireless connection, Algiers with Bari and Lanciano]
SETTEMBRE 1943—18 GIUGNO 1944 [September 1943 to June 18, 1944]

FUCILATI [Shot, Executed]

FAUSTO SIMONETTI MOVM [Gold Medal of Military Valor, Medaglia d’oro al Valore Militare]—ASCOLI P [Ascoli Piceno]
MARIO MOOTES MAVM [Silver Medal of Military Valor, Medaglia d’Argento al Valore Militare]—PARACADUTISTA [paratrooper]—MONTALTO M [Montalto Marche]
DON DELFINO ANGELICI—MONTALTO M
ANDREA SCATTINI—FORCE
LUCIANO GABRIELLI—OFFIDA
CESARE GABRIELLI—OFFIDA
ANTONIO GABRIELLI—OFFIDA
N 3 PRIGIONIERI ALLEATI—MONTALTO M [Three Allied POWs (prigioniera di guerra alleati) shot in Montalto Marche]
N 3 ITALIANI—CASTIGNANO [Three Italians shot in Castignano]
DON ORLANDINI—SASSOTETTO
PINO ZOBITO

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CADUTI IN SERVIZIO [Fallen in Service]

ERMANNO FINOCCHI—FIRENZE [Florence]
ROBERTO—ANCONA
RENATO ROSSI R.T. [Radio-Telegrapher, Radio-Telegrafista]—NORD ITALIA [Northern Italy]
BATTISTA—PARACADUTISTA—NORD ITALIA

FERITI E CATTURATI [Wounded and Captured]

ETTORE ZAMBALDI—GENERALE PILOTA [General Pilot, Italian Air Force]—FARAONE
DARIO CELANI—CAPITANO MARINA [Captain, Italian Navy]—FARAONE
DIEGO VECCHIARELLI—MONTALTO M.
EMIDIO AZZARRI—BOMBOLO [his agent cover name]—MAVM—OFFIDA
LEONARDO STIPA—APPIGNANO DEL TR.[Appignano del Tronto]
QUINTO STIPA—APPIGNANO DEL TR.
GIUSEPPE PIERANTOZZI—OFFIDA
LUIGI CIOTTI—OFFIDA

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COLLABORATORI [Collaborators]

UGO UGUCCIONI RANIERI [di Sorbello (Bourbon del Monte)]
ERMANNO FINOCCHI
NANNI GIOVANNETTI
ITALO SANTARELLI
ZENO VINCI
MAGG. MAC KEE [I.S.9 officer Major McKee]
CLAUDIO STIPA
CARLA STIPA

DONATO FANTACUZZI
D’ANGELO CAMMILLO
SPARTACO PERINI—MAVM
VITTORIO DI FRISCIA
VINCENZO BOSICA

JACH RAYNER—POW INGL [ENGLISH]
ROBERTO LEVINE—POW PR FFF [Free French Forces]
NORADINO STIPA—CAP MARINA
MARGHERITA LO SCIUT
PASQUALE D’ANGELO

TALINA D’ANGELO
RUGGERO DAMIANI
DOMENICO ALESSI
PASQUALE ALESSI
ETTORE MARUCCHI

ITALO SPERANTINI
PASQUALE MAROZZI
FAMIGLIA FAGNANI
FAMIGLIA D’ANNUNZIO
DON ANTONIO GALOSI

Here are further comments and clarifications from Luigi Donfrancesco:

“My uncle ANDREA (SCATTINI) was one of the original six agents in the group formed in Termoli in October 1943:

1) Uguccione RANIERI di Sorbello (Bourbon del Monte);
2) Don Domenico ORLANDINI;
3) Ermanno FINOCCHI;
4) Andrea SCATTINI;
5) Fausto SIMONETTI;
6) Augusto RUFFO di Calabria (brother of Paula, now Queen of Belgium. He died on a torpedo Motor Boat in the first mission on November 1 or 2, 1943).

“Of the original group of six agents, only two survived the war: Count Uguccione RANIERI di Sorbello and the priest Don Domenico “Carlo” ORLANDINI.

“The three PRIGIONIERI DI GUERRA ALLEATI (Allied POWs) were shot on March 11, 1944 in Montalto Marche with Paratrooper MARIO MOOTES, who was trying to transport them to salvation in a truck. [These three men were L. H. J. Brown, D. Hollingsworth, and T. W. White.]

“Fausto SIMONETTI was awarded MOVM (Medaglia d’Oro al Valor Militare, Gold Medal for Valour or Bravery). He was shot on 6 June, 1944 (D-day), after two months of prison, interrogations and tortures.

“Ermanno FINOCCHI was killed by a mine (left by the retiring Germans), in Fiesole (outskirts of Florence) in August 1944.”

Captain Richard Warren Barrington LEWIS was American and was in the Torpedo Motorboat with Augusto RUFFO di Calabria on November 2, 1943, but swam ashore and survived, as did Raymond LEE-COURAUD, French, naturalized British, Captain of S.A.S. (Special Air Service).


Andrea Scattini—Youthful I.S.9 Agent

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Portrait of Andrea Scattini by Federico Spoltore, Lanciano, February 14, 1944

As a young man and a medical student, Andrea Scattini was enrolled in the Medical Corps of the Italian Army and assigned to the Celio Military Hospital, Rome, according to his nephew Luigi Donfrancesco.

In September 1943, after Italy signed the Armistice, Andrea was captured by Germans outside the hospital. He and several other young men were slated for transport to Germany when Andrea escaped.

He returned to his home in San Vito Chietino Marina, on the Adriatic coast.

In October 1943, in Termoli, Andrea offered his services to the Allies and was enrolled as an agent under Captain Andrew Robb, No. 5 Field Section, “A” Force (I.S.9). He was among the first small group of Italians to be employed in that capacity (the others being Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello, Don Domenico Orlandini, Ermanno Finocchi, Fausto Simonetti, and Augusto Ruffo di Calabria).

Andrea’s mission was to organize escape “Rat-lines” and to guide former POWs to safety over land and along the Adriatic coastline.

Luigi is trying to acquire documents with details of Andrea’s missions and activities as an “A” Force/I.S.9 agent in the Marche and Abruzzo regions.

In a No. 5 Field Section progress report from Lanciano, Captain Robb states that on December 21, 1943, Andrea arrived at the Allied lines of the New Zealand Division, taking with him ex-POW Lance Corporal “Spiro.” Luigi believes “Spiro” is Spyros Savva Spyrides (Lance Corporal – Army No. Cy./2125 – 1002 P.C. C.R.)
listed among the Cypriot prisoners in Camp 59. See “Cypriot Prisoners in Camp 59.”

In the same report, Captain Robb states Andrea is “one of the original planners of MILKY WAY.” Luigi believes Milky Way was a rescue scheme/operation based in Marina San Vito Chietino, Andrea’s birthplace.

On March 8, 1944, at age 26, Andrea was killed in the village of Force—the victim of an apparent ambush.

Luigi Donfrancesco was a baby at the time of Andrea’s death. In time, Andrea’s mother—who was Luigi’s grandmother—gave his medical textbooks to Luigi. Luigi adopted what would have been his uncle’s calling, and he went on to become a doctor.

Luigi’s son, named Andrea in honor of his great uncle, also entered the medical profession.

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Andrea Scattini, Porto S. Giorgio, September 1943

Luigi said, “His photo with short pants and a serious expression on his face was taken in Porto San Giorgio, Marche (his wife’s home town) in late September 1943, soon after he was captured in Rome by the Germans and was able to escape.”

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“I am the child Andrea is holding in this photo, taken in Rome in 1942, when I was about one year old,” Luigi wrote. “His only child, Ettore Scattini, was born later in Force, in November 1943.”

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Villino Verrucci, Force, Ascoli Piceno, in front of which Andrea Scattini was killed

“Force, then covered by snow, is where my uncle lost his life in the evening of March 8, 1944, just in front of beautiful ‘Villino Verrucci’. The circumstances of his death are not yet fully clarified. It seems he may have been killed by a fascist, alleged partisan, infiltrated inside the ‘Paolini’ partisan group.”

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U.S. Army Air Force Captain R. W. B. Lewis, No. 5 Field Section of “A” Force, sent this letter or condolence to the widow of Andrea Scattini following his death:

No 5 “A” Force Fd. Sec.,
c/o C.A.O., A.M.G.
AREZZO.

20 July 44.

To: La Signora Scattini

From: Commanding Officer,
No 5 “A” FORCE FIELD SEC.

I wish to extend to you, on behalf of the ALLIED ARMIES IN ITALY, our most profound gratitude for the service your husband, ANDREA SCATTINI, rendered the armed forces of GREAT BRITAIN and AMERICA.

ANDREA served with distinction from October 1943 until March 1944. He carried out duties of the most important and difficult kind, and in the performance of these duties he displayed unusual courage and gallantry. He was held in the greatest esteem by all who worked with him; no few of whom owe their lives to his efforts. He died while on duty in enemy territory, and his name is enrolled among those of all nations who perished in action against the common foe.

Please accept, Signora, our deepest sympathy for the loss of your husband, and this expression of our gratitude for his great sacrifice.

[signed] R. W. B. Lewis
Capt. USAAF
for Wing Command G. 1
Advanced headquarters of “A” FORCE.
Allied Armies in Italy.


Ermanno Finocchi to “Carlo” Orlandini

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First page of a two-page letter from Ermanno Finocchi to Don Domenico “Carlo” Orlandini

Last week, Luigi Donfrancesco sent me an English translation he made of a letter I.S.9 agent Ermanno Finocchi sent to fellow agent Don Domenico Orlandini, whose agent name was “Carlo.”

“I found it interesting, as it shows details of Plan MILKY WAY and the way agents operated in setting up Rat-lines (Ratberry lines),” Luigi explained.

Here are introductory notes from Luigi in Italian and English, followed by the letter in both languages:

Nota. Scritto a matita su carta di quaderno a quadretti. E’ fra le “carte Stipa”, gentilmente fornite dal Dr. Luigino Nespeca di Offida nell’Agosto 2015.

Non c’è data, ma è stato scritto subito prima della partenza di Ermanno Finocchi per Milano (il 15 Marzo 1944 in camion, riferisce “Babka” nei suoi Diari). Quindi le “molte notizie di carattere doloroso” sono:

  • l’uccisione di Andrea Scattini a Force (8 marzo);
  • la cattura di Fausto Simonetti a Palmiano (9 marzo);
  • l’attacco alla banda partigiana “Paolini” a Rovetino e Rotella (9 marzo) e conseguente smantellamento della banda stessa;
  • l’attacco ed eliminazione della base “Rat-line” di Porchia (10 marzo), con ferimento e cattura di Diego Vecchiarelli e arresto di altri collaboratori;
  • l’uccisione nei pressi di Montalto Marche del Sergente Paracadutista Mario Mootis (sopravvissuto alla battaglia di El Alamein) e dei 3 prigionieri di guerra britannici che erano con lui (11 marzo).

In English:

Note: Written in pencil on paper squared notebook. From among the “Stipa Papers,” kindly provided by Dr. Luigino Nespeca of Offida on August 2015.

There is no date [on the letter], but it was apparently written just before Ermanno Finocchi started for Milan (via truck on March 15, 1944, as reported by author Alessando Perini in his book I Diari di Babka 1943–1944). So the “much news of a painful kind” are:

  • the killing of Andrea Scattini in Force (March 8);
  • the capture of Fausto Simonetti in Palmiano (March 9);
  • The attack on the “Paolini” partisan group in Rovetino and Rotella (March 9) and subsequent dismantling of the band itself;
  • The attack on and removal of the Porchia “Rat-line” base (March 10), with the wounding and capture of Diego Vecchiarelli and arrest of other collaborators;
  • The killing near Montalto Marche of Sergeant Paratrooper Mario Mootis (a survivor of the Battle of El Alamein) and three British prisoners of war who were with him (March 11).

Il messaggio si riferisce all’attuazione del Piano “MILKY WAY” (estensione della “Rat-line” a Nord fino alla Svizzera), al quale dovevano partecipare Don “Carlo” ORLANDINI, Ermanno FINOCCHI e Andrea SCATTINI. In una sua relazione, il Cap. Stipa riferisce che:

  • Don “Carlo” ORLANDINI, partito da Lanciano, attraversa il fronte e passa a Offida il 20 Febbraio 1944. Riferisce a Stipa di essere stato incaricato dal Comando “A” Force di Lanciano di estendere la “Rat-Line” verso Nord fino a SASSOFERRATO (provincia di Ancona), passando per FORCE, e di collegare la nuova linea con la base di OFFIDA;
  • Ermanno FINOCCHI e Andrea SCATTINI, partiti da Lanciano, varcano insieme il fronte e arrivano a OFFIDA il 7 Marzo 1944. Riferiscono di essere stati incaricati dal Comando di Lanciano: Ermanno di andare a MILANO e Andrea di procedere fino a BOLOGNA. Morto Andrea l’8 Marzo, il messaggio di Ermanno indica che Don “Carlo” Orlandini subentra nella missione di Andrea].

In English:

The message refers to implementation of Plan “MILKY WAY” (the extension of the “Rat-line” to the north as far as Switzerland), to which Don “Carlo” ORLANDINI, Ermanno FINOCCHI and Andrea SCATTINI were assigned. In the report, Captain Stipa reports that:

  • Don “Carlo” ORLANDINI, departed from Lanciano, crossing the front and passing Offida on February 29, 1944. The Stipa papers indicate that he was instructed by the Lanciano command of “A” Force to extend the “Rat-line” to the north as far as SASSOFERRATO (in the province of Ancona), via FORCE, and to connect the new line with the base at OFFIDA;
  • Ermanno FINOCCHI and Andrea SCATTINI, started out from Lanciano, crossing the front together, and arriving in OFFIDA on March 7, 1944. They are reported to have been entrusted [to their operations] by orders of Lanciano: Ermanno going to Milan and Andrea proceeding to BOLOGNA. Andrea was killed on March 8; Ermanno’s message suggests that Don “Carlo” Orlandini took over Andrea’s mission].

“Ermanno Finocchi was from Grottammare (a Marche coastal town in the province of Ascoli Piceno). He was a nephew (son of a sister) of Colonel Gustavo DOLFI, head of partisan groups in San Benedetto del Tronto.

In his book San Vito e la guerra (San Vito and the War), Pietro Cupido says Ermanno Finocchi was captain of Marina Velica, while his uncle was in Marina Mercantile—the Merchant Navy.

At the end of I Diari di Babka 1943–1944,Alessando Perini includes a 2005 interview with Elio TREMAROLI (former “A” Force agent and partisan, cover name “Pino”). He asks Elio about Ermanno Finocchi.

Question: “Che ricorda di Ermanno Finocchi?”

“What do you remember about Ermanno Finocchi?”

Answer: “Ho saputo della sua morte al comando ‘A’ Force di Arezzo.”

“I learned of his death at the ‘A’ Force Command in Arezzo.”

“Con Ermanno eravamo proprio amici, lui era di Grottammare, nipote di Gustavo, il Col. Dolfi.”

“Ermanno and I were real friends, he was from Grottammare, nephew of Colonel Gustavo Dolfi.”

“Era un intraprendente, un navigatore, una volpe.”

“He was an enterprising [resourceful] man, a navigator, a fox.”

“E’ morto stupidamente a Fiesole appena liberata, lui voleva entrare in una villa, c’era una scalinata esterna con sotto l’ingresso del piano terra: ha dato una spallata alla porta e la casa è saltata. Era minata.”

“He died in a stupid way in just liberated Fiesole (Florence), he wanted to enter inside a villa, there was an external staircase with underneath the entrance to the ground floor: he pushed the door with his shoulder and the house blew up. It was mined.”

Question: “C’era qualcuno presente?”

“Was there anyone present?”

Answer: “Si, ma non ricordo chi fosse. L’ho saputo subito perchè ero ad Arezzo con il Cap. Lewis.”

“Yes, but I don’t remember who. I learned about it immediately as I was in Arezzo with Captain Lewis.”

Ermanno Finocchi’s Letter

Here is the text of Ermanno Finocchi’s letter in Italian, followed by the translation into English:

“Caro Orlandini,

“tornando qui (dal Cap. Stipa a Offida) apprenderai molte notizie di carattere doloroso.

“Come d’accordo, io proseguo per Milano, ove debbo incontrarmi con Benello.”

[Il Capitano BENELLO, dell’ Esercito Italiano, è menzionato nel Progress Report 15-25 Jan. 1944 del Capitano Andrew ROBB, Capo della “No. 5 Field Section” dell’ “A” Force, e in altri documenti IS9: selezionava i paracadutisti per le missioni in territorio nemico].

“Da lì, insieme ad altri due, cercheremo di creare l’apertura della frontiera (Svizzera). Una volta realizzato il primo scopo, scenderò, facendo rotta, nei pressi di Piacenza.

“Nel frattempo tu avrai espletato il tuo compito di innesto con Stipa, ed affiderai la sorveglianza della zona a persona di tua fiducia.

“Liberatoti di ciò, dovresti subito iniziare il lavoro come sai, da Bologna a Piacenza, oltre il Po, avvalendoti di collaboratori di tua assoluta fiducia.

“Per incontrarci, è bene stabilire più appuntamenti, o meglio riferimenti.

“Io sosterò a Lecco presso la casa del Tenente biondo Panzeri in Via Mentana 14 (Castello). Recandoti lì mi troverai o avrai il mio reale indirizzo.

“Dal canto mio, potrò cercarti da Cocconcelli a Reggio Emilia, da Arduini Laerte a Parma o dal Conte Carlo Calvi a Cadè, ove se tu non vi fossi, lascerai esatte indicazioni per un preciso appuntamento.

“Non occorre raccomandarmi a te perché il compito affidatoci abbia concreta realizzazione.

“Affettuosi saluti, Ermanno”

In English:

“Dear ORLANDINI,

“Arriving here, you will learn much news of a painful kind.

“As agreed, I am proceeding to MILANO, where I will meet Captain BENELLO”.

[With regard to Captain Benello, a November 1943, I.S.9 war diary states: “Nov. 18: Capt. BENELLO – Italian Army – to arrange supply of Agents. / Nov. 19: Capt. BENELLO is empowered by Italian ‘Comando Supremo’ to find 25 Italian soldiers for use as Agents.” Also, on page six of his January 15–25, 1944 report, Captain Robb says: “The parachutists selected by Capt. BENELLO have done extremely well, as this report indicates.”]

“From there, with the other two, we will try to accomplish opening of the frontier [Swiss border]. Once the first purpose is achieved, I will come down, making a route, near PIACENZA.

“Meantime you will have completed your task of connecting (the southern end of the new “MILKY WAY” line) to Stipa [at Offida] and you will delegate surveillance of the area to a person whom you trust.

“As soon as you are rid of that [duty], you should begin the job as you know, [establishing a connection] from BOLOGNA to PIACENZA, beyond the Po river, making use of collaborators you absolutely trust.

“For you and I to be able to meet, it will be useful to establish several appointments, or better yet, landmarks.

“I will stop in LECCO at the house of blond Lieutenant Panzeri, Via Mentana 14 (Castle). In going there, you will find me or they will give you my real address.

“For my part, I will look for you at Cocconcelli in REGGIO EMILIA, at Arduini Laerte’s in PARMA, or at Count Carlo Calvi’s in Cadè, and if you are not there, you are to leave exact indications for a precise appointment.

“There is no need to recommend you [to complete your part of the job, so] that the task entrusted to us [to organize the new Rat-line from Offida to Switzerland, according to Plan “Milky Way”] is fully realized.

“Affectionate greetings, Ermanno (FINOCCHI)”.


Honor Recommended for Mario Mottes

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mottes-silver-medal-1-r72

First page of a letter from Major Luigi Stipa recommending that I.S.9 agent Mario Mottes be posthumously awarded the Italian Silver Medal of Military Valor (Medaglia d’Argento al Valore Militare)

In January 1944, Sergeant Mario Mottes was wounded in the area of Montalto Marche during a parachute drop, when his parachute opened too late to prevent a violent landing.

He continued on his mission, and two months later, on March 10, 1944, he was arrested by the Germans and shot with three escaped Allied prisoners of war.

Major Luigi Stipa proposed the Italian Silver Medal of Military Valor (Medaglia d’Argento al Valore Militare) be awarded to Mario. His letter of recommendation details Mario’s valiant service.

Access to this document from the “Stipa Papers” came through Dr. Luigino Nespeca of Offida. Luigi Donfrancesco translated the Silver Medal nomination into English:

REPORT ATTACHED TO PROPOSAL OF SILVER MEDAL “TO MILITARY BRAVERY, IN MEMORIUM” to Sergeant Radio-Telegrapher Paratrooper of the Army Mario MOTTES

Name: MOTTES Mario
Born: Belgium, November 18, 1919
Degree: Sergeant R.T. Paratrooper
Unit: Royal Army, Battalion Paratroopers
Enrolled in force on January 17, 1944
Residence: PERGINE VALSUGANA (TRENTO)
Shot at MONTALTO (MARCHE) on March 10, 1944

Sergeant R.T. Paratrooper Mario MOTTES was air dropped on January 17, 1944 near the site of the “Stipa Group” in Appignano del Tronto, to start service as Voluntary Partisan Radio-Telegrapher, sent by the Termoli “A Force” Command.

His drop occurred at about hour 24 (midnight) in the area of Porchia [Montalto Marche] from an altitude of about 500 meters but, unfortunately, his parachute opened after considerable delay, such that MOTTES violently struck the ground, receiving severe contusions and wounds all over his body. He was helped by the Porchia section of Stipa group, commanded by Lieutenant “NANNI” Giovannetti. He was looked after there [at Porchia] and, as soon as he was able to move, he presented to me to establish contacts and agreements for missions of taking beyond the Pescara river groups of Allied prisoners collected in the area, as well as for radio-telegraphic connection with Bari, Termoli, etc.

After returning to Porchia from one of his missions, on March 10, 1944 Sergeant MOTTES was captured by Gestapo agents, who for some time had been investigating the ranks of the Marche partisan organization, and on same day he was shot by them with three Allied prisoners of war at Montedinove-Ponte Dragone, near Montalto Marche.

For the highest moral and military qualities shown by MOTTES in voluntarily undertaking the above most dangerous task, driven only by great love for his country and by a deeply rooted and admirable sense of military duty, as well as for showing courage in carrying out missions while physically crippled, and further, by resisting torture by his captors, without revealing anything that could cause discovery of the partisan organization and of his companions, preferring death to delation that could save him, I propose him for the award of “Silver Medal for Military Bravery, in Memoriam” with the following citation:

“VOLUNTARY PARTISAN FOR THE WAR OF LIBERATION OF NATIONAL TERRITORY FROM THE GERMANS, HE CARRIED OUT NUMEROUS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE CORNERSONES OF THE GROUPS HE BELONGED TO, ACTING BETWEEN THE DANGERS OF COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN ENEMY OCCUPIED TERRITORY AND REPEATEDLY CROSSING THE BATTLEFRONT TO BRING ORDERS AND PRECIOUS INFORMATION FOR THE ALLIES. AIR LAUNCHED DURING A DANGEROUS MISSION AND HAVING REMAINED SERIOUSLY CONTUSED DUE TO THE LATE OPENING OF HIS PARACHUTE, WITH HEROIC EFFORT OF WILL HE AVOIDED IMMEDIATE CAPTURE IN ORDER TO CARRY OUT THE TASK ENTRUSTED TO HIM. LATER, AFTER RETURNING FROM ONE OF HIS MANY MISSIONS, HE WAS CAPTURED AND SHOT BY THE ENEMY, HAVING BRAVELY RESISTED TORTURE INFLICTED TO HIM AND HAVING NOT REVEALED THE PARTISAN ORGANIZATION AND THE NAMES OF HIS COMPANIONS.

[HIS WAS A] MAGNIFICENT EXAMPLE OF LOVE OF HIS HOMELAND AND OF FAITHFUL DEDICATION TO DUTY.

Major Engineer Luigi Stipa

mottes-silver-medal-2-r72

The second page of Major Stipa’s letter

mottes-birth-certif-r72

Mario Mottes’s birth certificate

Luigi Donfrancesco requested a copy of Mario’s birth certificate from the comune of Pergine Valsugana in order to clear confusion regarding the spelling of his last name. The certificate confirms that it is Mottes. Therefore his surname Mootes on the Offida Monument is not correct.

Here is information from the birth certificate:

Mario Raoul MOTTES was born in Bruxelles (Belgium) on November 18, 1919.

His father was Achille Oscar MOTTES, born in Teheran (Persia, now Iran); his mother was Pia PAOLI, born in Pergine Valsugana (Trento, TN, Italy).

Mario’s birth abroad in 1919 was registered in Italy in 1930, when he was 11.

Luigi said Pergine Valsugana has no record of Mario’s death at Montalto Marche, Ascoli Piceno, in March 1944—at age 24.


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